Welcome to the huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science based tools
for everyday life.
I'm Andrew huberman. And I'm a professor of neurobiology and Ophthalmology at Stanford school of medicine. Today we are discussing fertility. We will discuss male fertility and female fertility. And I should mention that today's discussion is not just for people who are seeking to conceive children or who want to know how their children were conceived, but it's really for everybody and I say,
That because it is the story of all of us. All of us are here because a specialized set of cells called germ cells, that is the sperm and the Egg. And I'll make it very clear why they're called germ cells. A little bit later, has nothing to do with infection, but it's because a sperm cell and an egg cell arrived. At one, another either invivo inside of our mother or in vitro so called in vitro, fertilization. And then, we're implanted into our mother and became us. And so,
Understanding the process of how the egg cell and the sperm cell came to be is really the key to understanding how that fertilization process came to be. I know, everyone's think, I know how fertilization occurs it occurs through sexual intercourse, and so on and we'll talk a little bit about that, but I promise you that, if you understand the menstrual cycle and the menstrual cycle, in today's conversation can best be thought of, as a biological cycle that occurs in females, that allows the potential.
For fertilization by the sperm because that's really what it is. And it's a beautifully orchestrated process that I'll describe to you and I should say all people males and females should really understand how the menstrual cycle works, how it impacts fertilization but also how it impacts the brain and body Behavior, psychology Etc. And we will also talk about spermatogenesis how sperm cells come to be and how they arrive. That is how they swim to the egg and the incredible.
Play Between the biology of the sperm and the biology of the egg leads to this incredible thing that we call embryogenesis and the birth of the child. And of course, the development of that child into an infant toddler and Adolescent a team and an adult. Today's discussion again is not just for those of you that are seeking to have children. And I say that because when you look at the data, you look at the literature on lunch,
Levity and vitality to themes and biology that often times people lumped together but aren't always the same. For instance. There are a lot of things that we can do to increase our Vitality that actually can harm our longevity but there are a subset of biological rules and mechanisms that when aligned allow us to maximize both our vitality and our longevity. And I think it's fair to say that all of those mechanisms and tools are housed in the discussion around.
Maximizing fertility, and that's true, whether or not you're male or female. In other words, if you want children, or if you don't, if you already have children, or if you don't understanding how fertility and fertilization occurs in the brain and body will allow you to maximize Your vitality and Longevity. And of course, today's discussion will provide an understanding of the biology and many actionable tools that will also help you conceive children if that's your wish. So of course as is characteristic of this podcast. We will
Us science-based tools, including behavioral tools, both the do's and the don'ts, and we will discuss nutrition based tools, and supplementation based tools, and some other practices, including things like acupuncture, which have quite good data to support them in terms of improving fertility, and we will discuss why those certain practices can work. And we will discuss prescription drugs, that your doctor can prescribe to you. If, for instance, you have a deficit that at the level of hormone production or no.
Neurotransmitter production at the level of the brain or the pituitary gland. I'll explain what? All of those things are soon or the gonads, the ovary, and the testes in females and males respectively.
Again, by the end of today's episode you will have a lot of knowledge and actionable tools related to maximizing fertility. And you will have a lot of knowledge and actionable tools related to maximizing vitality and Longevity. Before we begin I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford. It is however, a part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to Consumer information about science and science related tools to the general public in keeping with that theme. I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast. Our
Our sponsor is Maui, Nui meets Maui Nui meets. I can confidently, say are the most nutrient dense and delicious red-meat available. Now, he knew he spent nearly a decade, building, a USDA certified wild harvesting system to help balance invasive, deer populations on the island of Maui, the solution. They built turns the proliferation of an invasive species into a wide range of nutrient dense products from fresh butcher, cuts and organ Meats to bone broth, jerky and even pet treats. Their bone broth has an unmatched 25 grams of protein per
Calories. I've talked before in this podcast and I've had several expert guests. Come on this podcast to talk about the fact that most people should aim to get one gram of quality protein per pound of body, weight per day, in order to maximize their health tissue repair, which includes brain tissue repair. And if you're an active exerciser to support recovery from exercise, Maui Nui, meets have an incredible quality protein to Cal ratio, and I mentioned the bone broth. I should also mention that their ground meats and their Venice.
Since takes are absolutely delicious and they're jerky is absolutely terrific. In fact, it's the only jerky that I've eaten consistently in that I happen to like consistently over time. If you'd like to try Maui Nui, venison go to Maui Nui venison.com huberman to get 20% off your first order. Again that's Maui Nui venison.com, / huberman to get 20% off your first order. Today's episode is also brought To Us by eight sleep aids,sleep. Make smart mattress covers with cooling Heating and sleep, tracking capacity. I've taught many times before on this podcast,
But the fact that sleep is the fundamental layer of mental health, physical health, and performance. Now, one of the key things for getting a great night's sleep, every single night is to optimize the temperature of your sleeping environment. Put simply in order to fall asleep and stay deeply asleep. Your body temperature needs to drop by about 1 to 3 degrees and waking up on the other hand, involves a heating of your body by about 1 to 3 degrees with AIDS sleep. You can tune the temperature of your mattress, cover or mattress, to be cooler or hotter.
Depending on whether or not you tend to run too hot or too cold and you can even vary it across the night so that you can access the best deep sleep early in the night. The so called REM sleep rapid eye movement, sleep, that's more pronounced in the later half of the night and doing so really, get your sleep optimized not just in terms of duration. But in terms of quality, and the overall architecture of your sleep, this has a profound influence on your alertness, focus, mood, and many other important factors throughout the day. If you'd like to try eight sleep, you can go to eight, sleep.com huberman to save up to $150 off their pod, three,
Today's episode is also brought To Us by momentous supplements. I want to acknowledge that. Not everybody needs supplements and yet many, many people derive tremendous benefit from proper supplementation. I would count myself in that group, there are excellent supplements for improving the depth and quality of sleep for improving focus and for improving energy and for hormone optimization and many other factors related to our mental health, physical, health, and performance. We partnered with Momentis supplements for three important reasons. First of all momentous supplements are of the very highest quality
Of all they ship internationally. And we know that many of you reside outside of the United States and third, they focus on single ingredient formulations. This is very important, there is a place for Blends but in most cases if you're going to develop a supplement protocol, you want it to be single ingredient formulation so that you can adjust the dosages of different things. According to what works and doesn't work for you which is essentially impossible to do if you are using multi ingredient formulations. If you'd like to see the supplements that I take and that we've discussed here on the human Lab podcast, you can go to live momentous spell, do you
So live momentous.com huberman and get 20% off any supplements. Again, that's live, momentous.com huberman to get 20% off. Let's talk about fertility and in doing. So let's take a step back from this word, fertility, and ask what is fertility and fertilization really all about? Well, the obvious answer is that it's about producing Offspring, but more importantly, it's about producing offspring that contain the genetic components of both parents and indeed, contain half of the genes from one.
Parent and half of the genes from another parent. Now, there are two general types of cells in the body, the most common types of cells in the body are called somatic cells. So this would be all the cells in your body except the egg in females and the sperm in males, the egg in females and the sperm and males are part of What's called the germline. And again, has nothing to do with infection. It's just that the cells of the germline have genes that cannot be modified by the behavior of the individual that houses, those jeans. What do I mean by that? Well,
If I were to tell you that by exercising, you can improve mitochondrial function, you can change hormones by reducing stress you can produce cortisol by hitting puberty for instance, you will have the secretion of hormones that then change gene expression and other cells leading to development of body hair, facial hair, deepening, The Voice, breast growth, Etc. You'd say okay, great, yeah, that all makes perfect sense, but that's all occurring in the so called somatic cells, The Germ cells or The Germ line cells.
Owls. That is the egg and the sperm are a very unique and protected set of cells that are generated in a particular way and whose genetic components are not modifiable by experience. And when you take a step back and think about it, you say, oh that's right. There's no reason to think that exercising will make the children that you have not yet had stronger and they said, of course not. Well, why is that? Well, that's because there is a barrier between the genes of
Germ line cells and behaviors. They cannot be modified by behaviors and the various things that you do in your lifetime. Now, I suppose there's an exception in the negative Direction and what I'm referring to here is, if you were to say be exposed to a chemical, that could mutate the DNA of your egg or sperm, or if you were to fertilize an embryo at a, in a certain way or to a certain stage of life that it got an extra chromosome. For instance, we'll talk about this a little bit later. Well, then, of course you could end up with offspring that have
Modified DNA that don't Faithfully represent, half of the genes from Mom and half of the genes from Dad, but that's not the same as specific behaviors, modifying, the genes of those cells. The sperm and the egg cells in a way that improves The Offspring, okay? So the key first thing to understand today is that there's a distinction between somatic cells, which is the vast majority of cells in your body in the so called germ line cells, which are the egg and the sperm, the egg and the sperm are these highly protected, populations of cells that in
I was actually come to be during embryogenesis. Okay. So for all females out there, you generate. What today I'm going to refer to as a vault of cells. You have a vault of of eggs that are your germline, those eggs all contain all the chromosomes of your DNA. So it's going to be as most of, you know, there are 23 chromosomes and chromosomes exist in pairs. So, the way to think about this is each pair is one strand and you have 22. So,
So called autosomes. And then you have one sex chromosome. The sex chromosome will be there X or Y. So, in a female, they have two X chromosomes. So when each one of the eggs that a woman has and that she's had since she was an embryo, and that's contained in this Vault, those eggs are, of course, going to be very immature at Birthright. She hasn't undergone puberty yet. And certainly as an embryo she hasn't undergone puberty and those cells are going to contain 23 pairs of chromosomes because this is very important, 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The chromosomes are essentially, the wrapped up DNA that contains all the genetic information to create any cell type in the body and actually, to create an entirely new individual. Now, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of which are called autosomes, okay? If that doesn't make sense to you, just remember, autosome. Okay? There's 22 of them, and then there's one so-called sex chromosome, the sex chromosomes are either X or Y, but this is a female. So she's going to have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and she's going to have
two X chromosomes for the sex chromosomes, okay? If this is already confusing to you, don't worry, I'll make it very clear, how this all relates to fertility and how it relates to chromosomal segregation and a bunch of things that I think, maybe you've heard of. And that perhaps were opaque to you, but I promise to make them clearer. But just understand that within each of those eggs, they have 23 pairs, of chromosomes. And for those of you that like nomenclature, I'll tell you that those cells are considered diploid, they're called the diploid, and that means that they
I have 23 pairs of chromosomes, as distinguished from cells, that are haploid where there's only one set of those 23 chromosomes. So, instead of 23 pairs, there's only 23 chromosomes will come back to haploid cells a little bit later. Okay? So when a female is born, she has all these eggs in the reserve in this Vault that she'll have her her entire life. She's not going to make any more, but they are very, very immature. So when a woman is in embryogenesis,
Has, she develops? These very immature eggs. Okay, today, we're also going to talk about follicles and we will be careful to distinguish follicles from eggs. They're often talked about interchangeably online and elsewhere and even by fertility dachshund OBGYNs, but will right. Now we're just talking about the egg cells, okay? The eggs themselves which are cells now. The goal of fertilization is to bring that egg cell into close enough proximity that it can be fertilized by a single sperm.
I'm
cell and that sperm cell will. Bring 23 chromosomes as well. That include just as in the female egg, it'll have 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And in the mail that sex chromosome can either be an X chromosome, which then would give rise to female Offspring or a y chromosome, which would give rise to male offspring. And today, we're not talking about sexual differentiation. That's a topic of a previous and yet another future episode. But just to give you a sense of how
Ow, X chromosomes, and Y, chromosomes can actually accomplish that sexual differentiation, both of body and brain. I'll just mention in two sentences. That for instance, if there's a y chromosome as opposed to an X chromosome, that Y, chromosome contains genes that suppress, for instance, the development of female genitalia and thereby give rise to male genitalia. So, rather than the formation of a clitoris, is the formation of a penis. And rather the formation of ovaries, the formation of a test
Okay. So that's more directed towards sexual differentiation. We're not going to get into that right now. We'll get into that in a future episode, but even if you're only tracking about 10% of what I'm saying right now, I promise you're doing great if you're tracking more than ten percent. Well, then you're doing terrifically well because the essence of fertility and fertilization is to bring together that haploid cell that is the sperm. That only has 23 chromosomes but not pairs of chromosomes, right? Because that's the DNA.
From Dad together with the egg, which is, I told you already has 23, pairs of chromosomes. So, part of the fertilization process has to be to get rid of one, half of those 23 pairs in the female, India had to get rid of it and you have to get the egg in the sperm in proximity, so that the egg can potentially be fertilized by the sperm bringing the DNA, the 23 single strands of chromosomes from Dad
Into a cell that has 23 single strands from Mom, okay? So I realize I'm probably being a little bit repetitive here, but I want everyone to understand this because it really frames up fertility and reproduction in the proper way. We've got a cell from Mom, the egg, which has 23 pairs of chromosomes. We need to get rid of one set of those pairs. So that there's only 23 chromosomes, we need to get rid of half of those chromosomes, and then we need to
In
that cell together, physically with the sperm cell that contains the 23, chromosomal strands from Dad and we need to bring those together so that you get 23 chromosomal pairs from Dad and 23, chromosomal pairs from Mom and in doing. So you create a cell which then becomes multiple cells. That's going to be the developing embryo that has half the genes from Mom and half the genes from Dad. So I hope that's clear that is the
Urkel logic which I realize is a bit of a tongue twister but forgive me. It is the most accurate way to describe this process. We're trying to bring together the 23 single strands of chromosomes from Dad and the 23 single strands of chromosomes from mom into the same cell. Now that requires a literal physical contact and pairing of the two cells. But as I mentioned before, all these eggs in mom are sitting in a vault in there. Very, very immature. So the
Ovulatory cycle in the menstrual cycle are really about first eliminating half of the chromosomal pairs in that. 23 sets of chromosomes.
And not getting rid of, for instance, half, you know, just going one, two, you know, 1211 or and then or 12 to 23. That's not the goal. The goal is to have chromosomes 1, 2 3 4 5 6, all the way up to 23 but only to have half of the chromosomes there and to bring that cell together with the sperm cell. Physically then allow them to fuse and allow the chromosomes from dad in the chromosomes from Mom to fuse within a single cell and duplicate into cells that contain
Half the chromosomes from Dad and half the chromosomes from Mom. That's what the ovulatory a menstrual cycle are really all about. So in thinking about it, that way, I'd like to just initiate the discussion by focusing first on the female component or the Egg component of fertility and fertilization.
As I mentioned before, a female has all the eggs, I'll be at very immature eggs that she's going to have at the time that she's born. Now, puberty will happen at some point and will allow the ovulatory in the menstrual cycle to commence. Now, one question that you perhaps are asking is what controls the onset of puberty and there, there are a number of different results, Each of which could be an entire episode of a podcast on its own, but I'll just highlight a few things that we know.
About the onset of Menses or menstruation or it's sometimes also called menarche. All right. One thing you'll notice about today's discussion is that if you were to take any number of your notes online and put them into a search function that you would see a lot of different language used for the same thing. So, for instance, some people talk about the egg in the follicle, as the same thing, even though they are not, I'll explain the different soon. Some people talk about Menses or menstruation or menarche is the exact same thing and in fact, they are not the exact same thing but oftentimes these
Are used interchangeably. I'll do my best today to not overload you with nomenclature but rather to use the most commonly used terms for the different aspects of fertility and fertilization. But when it comes to the onset of puberty, first of all, most of you have probably heard that the onset of puberty is happening much earlier and females now than it was some years ago. And in fact, that is the case and I'll talk about some statistics related to this, which are pretty striking, but don't necessarily
Early point to anything detrimental. Doesn't necessarily mean that something bad is happening. What do we know for sure? Well we know that there are a number of signals that come both through the brain and through the body and more likely both in order to control the onset of puberty and females a couple of examples. The first is a mechanistic one. We know for instance that the entire process of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle is initiated from the brain. We're going to get into this in a lot more detail in a few minutes but
But there's a certain number of hormones and neurotransmitters that are communicated from the brain up structure called the hypothalamus, which roughly sits above the roof of your mouth and that communicates with a gland an endocrine or hormone releasing gland called the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland. Looks like a stalk that essentially extends out of the brain. It's also located not far from your the roof of your mouth and that has to sort of small marble or gray.
Sized protrusions that the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, and they release different hormones into the bloodstream. Puberty is in part controlled by the fact that up until puberty. There are neurons in the hypothalamus that release a neurotransmitter called Gaba, which is inhibitory, and that prevents the neurons in the hypothalamus from releasing a very important hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone or GnRH.
Right? So the first thing I'd really like everyone to know and commit to memory today is very easy, GnRH stands for gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This comes from the brain and will communicate to the pituitary to release certain hormones prior to puberty in both males and females there are neurons in the brain that are actively suppressing. The neurons that release GnRH. It's like no puberty. No puberty. No puberty. Can't have puberty. Can't have puberty. And in fact, those cells are releasing this.
Transmitter called Gaba because its inhibitory prevents the firing of those neurons. Okay, so puberty is actively suppressed up until a certain point. It's also actively suppressed at least in some species and we think at least partially in humans by the tonic release. That means the ongoing release Around the Clock of a hormone called melatonin later in life. In fact, after puberty, melatonin will be secreted only in the dark phase of each night and around the time that one goes to sleep.
But in children, and in particular in children prior to puberty, melatonin is released more or less constantly. Now, melatonin isn't the only source of suppression of puberty. It's also these neural mechanisms involving Gaba but it is certainly a great candidate for one of the reasons why puberty doesn't generally tend to happen. It's a H4 H5. That would be very
unusual.
Another component of suppression of puberty is that typically in children, they have relatively low body, fat stores. Why is this important? Well, we know that one of the things that can trigger the onset of puberty in particular in females. Is that when enough body fat accumulates that body, fat releases a hormone called leptin, and that hormone leptin travels in the bloodstream, across the blood-brain barrier and goes to the hypothalamus and can trigger the onset of puberty by
Dating the neurons that release gonadotropin-releasing hormone. So many people believe that one of the reasons that puberty is happening earlier and earlier in females is because of the accumulation of more body fat at younger ages than was observed? 30 or 40 and certainly a hundred years ago. Now I can already imagine a number of people are thinking, oh this must have relate to the Obesity crisis and indeed there is a crisis of obesity. Obesity is something that is causing all sorts of
Problems with People's Health at various levels, brain and body and that is far more frequent today than it was even 20 years ago. So it is indeed a crisis because it has enormous detrimental effects for so many aspects of brain and body Health and Longevity. But this whole process of thinking about body fat, signaling leptin, to the hypothalamus in the onset of puberty doesn't necessarily have to do with the Obesity crisis. It might relate, but it could also relate to, for instance, improve nutrition, which is allowing
Body fat stores to accumulate, maybe not to the level of obesity but to accumulate earlier and at younger ages and females which is then causing earlier puberty and females to just highlight how that might be possible when I want to review some data that talk about the onset of Menses menstruation that is puberty in females according to Country and according to age over the last hundred or more years. So what are the general Trends in terms of the onset of puberty and females? Well, that's an easy.
One to answer over the last 100 years or so. The onset of puberty has been occurring much earlier with each passing decade. It's really an incredible set of Statistics. I'll, I will provide a link to these data since I know a number of you are listening and not just watching on YouTube. This is from a study in which the onset of puberty has been analyzed from as early as the 1850s, right? In certain countries, there are data on that out to the 1970s and in other countries.
Starting at about 1900 extending out to about 1990. These are ongoing collections of data, but just to give you a sense of how the data are falling out in a couple of different countries just to give you a flavor. But for those of you listening and for those of you watching the essence of all of these findings is that puberty is happening much much earlier with each passing decade. So for instance, in the United States around 1900 or 1903, the average age
Of menarche of the onset of puberty and females was about 14 years old, whereas in 1990. The average age is 11, so that's a pretty significant. We can say acceleration of the onset of puberty. Now, of course, these are averages, so there will be exceptions. There's a distribution of data today. Still there will be young females who will undergo puberty at age, 11, or 10, or maybe even 9 and others who will undergo puberty at age 13, 14, maybe even 16 or 17.
However, if we look at, for instance, the data from Norway which dates back quite far, they have excellent record keeping to 1850. What we see is that the average age of the onset of female puberty in 1850 in Norway was 17 years old, whereas in 1970. It's 13 years old. So this is a dramatic acceleration of the onset of puberty and you see a similar Trend in other countries as well. So if we were to look in, for instance, in the UK they have,
I have a smaller data set. Meaning it only extends back to about 1940, but the average age of the onset of puberty in the UK in 1940 was 13 and a half years old. Again, this is just for females and in 1970, it was closer to 13 with a trend towards declining. Even further. Unfortunately, didn't continue to collect data out to 2022 and as a final point, if we were to look at for instance, in Germany and Finland, the average onset of puberty in 1870 was six.
And a
half years old by 1940 was down to 13 and a half years old. So all of these data have borne out over and over again, regardless of location in the world, which is important. Because when you start to think about the Obesity crisis, you could say, well that's mainly in developed countries. Believe it or not, or perhaps not surprisingly. And maybe it has to do with the Obesity crisis. And yet, I don't think we can conclude that at all. Something is happening. However, it could be increased body, fat stores due to over eating and obesity. However, it could
Could also be unrelated to obesity, it could be for instance improved nutrition and the availability availability of quality nutrition which can signal the maturation of the brain and body mechanisms. That trigger the onset of puberty ovulatory cycle and menstruation. So we want to be very careful about leaping to conclusions about what these Trends mean. But the trends themselves are very very apparent. And as a final point, I should also mention that there are a number of different behavioral. And psychosocial as they're called interactions, that can influence.
You ready as well? This has been most strikingly observed in animals and so I don't want anyone to be alarmed or to LEAP to any great conclusions about the onset of timing of puberty and humans. But I'd be remiss if I didn't tell you about a certain result, which shows that if a young female is exposed to the odor, not necessarily the pheromones, right? There's a distinction between odors that we perceive in pheromones, which are subconscious right that we don't actively perceive, but that can impact our biology.
And Fairmont effects in humans are very controversial, but we know for instance, that if you take a female animal and there's some evidence from humans that if you take a young pre-pubertal, female, and you expose her to the scent of a reproductively competent, male for a series of days, but maybe even as short as a few hours and she is also not regularly being exposed to the scent of her father that she can.
Puberty earlier, that's right. There is something about the odor and or pheromones or perhaps something else that occurs. When a young pre-pubertal female is in the has a father that she's in regular contact with. He wouldn't necessarily have to live at home, but that is around a lot that her his smell scuse me is registered by her biological systems that I don't want to say protects because it kind of skews the valence of the conversation but that that
offsets or buffers the otherwise observed effect which is that the scent of a reproductively competent male. If its present often enough or perhaps intensely enough that it can trigger the onset of puberty in that female. In other words, the scent of a female that is not the father and we think also that is not biologically related to her can trigger earlier onset of puberty and that affect can at least be partially buffered by
Her being in the presence of the sent from her biological father. Now, some of you are probably already leaping to conclusions about what this means, you know, should you not allow your daughter to be exposed to any males who are of reproductive age Etc? And that's certainly not what I'm saying. There's a huge number of considerations that that go into that calculation for everybody in circumstances, Etc. But the point is that the odors of individuals, both related in particular, closely related and
Non related individuals can shape the neural systems and the hormone systems that can trigger the onset of puberty or suppress the onset of puberty. So whether or not we're talking about onset of puberty at this age or that age and whether or not biologically related male or non biologically related, male sensurround etcetera, the thing I want everyone to know is that at some point during development typically nowadays between the ages of 11 and 15 or so?
And there's variability there. The suppression of gonadotropin releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus is removed and then gonadotropin-releasing hormone can activate cells within the pituitary. And if you really want to know, it's the anterior pituitary in particular, and then the anterior pituitary gland, which sits at, and kind of bridges, the brain, and the body because it allows the release of hormones into the bloodstream. That anterior pituitary is going to release.
Nice. Two key hormones that everyone should know the name of and what they do. And when I say everyone, I mean males and females need to know about these hormones because they have an active role in both males and females. And, of course, you should want to know, and should know about the biology of everyone, on the planet, in my opinion because it tells you a lot more about humans than if you just focus on your own biology but those two hormones are called luteinizing hormone which is abbreviated LH and follicle-stimulating hormone.
Own, which is abbreviated FSH. Okay? So the simple picture that you need to have in your mind is gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the brain from the hypothalamus in particular is causing the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone GnRH stimulates LH luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone FSH LH and FSH travel in the blood and can access all the cells and tissues of the body. This is one of the incredible things about hormones is that
Many hormones and LH and FSH are included in this group can travel into cells and they can actually change the genetic expression of those cells. They can change, which genes are turned on in, which genes are turned off. And they can also attach to the surface of those cells and make those cells. Take on different properties so they can mature those cells. So, for instance, good example, this outside of the context we've been talking about, is the hormone testosterone can travel to the hair follicle and can stimulate.
In the genes of the cells of the hair, follicle that can make hair grow. A different hormone estrogen can travel to the cells of the breast tissue and activate genes, that control enlargement of the cells of the breast tissue prolactin, a different hormone, can travel to the memory, ducks and control the production, and the secretion of milk. And in males, that can actually happen in certain cases, although it's rare. But prolactin can also travel, to areas of the brain that control libido for instance and just so you'll never forget it.
It males elevated levels of prolactin, or actually, what set the refractory period after ejaculation, and prevent erection for some period of time. So you'll never forget. Prolactin the point, being that different hormones have different effects on different cells, depending on what sells those are, right? Estrogen or estrogen always going to have different effects on the breast tissue than it would on skin. Although, as effects on both, similarly, when LH and FSH, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone travel in the blood too.
To the gonad and the gonad is an ovary. It will have a certain set of consequences and when luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone travel in the blood to a gonad in that gonad happens to be at St then it will have a different set of biological implications. So let's focus now on what happens when LH and FSH arrive at the ovary and let's assume now that we're talking about a female who has already undergone puberty or perhaps
We could even frame this in the context of a female who is about to undergo puberty FSH, and LH are now able to be released because she's undergoing puberty. But the same set of processes essentially would occur for any point from puberty onward until menopause, which is the depletion of that Vault, that ovarian reserve of all those immature eggs. I'd like to take a brief break and acknowledge our sponsor athletic greens. Athletic greens is an all-in-one vitamin mineral.
Probiotic drink that also contains digestive enzymes and adaptogens. I started taking athletic Greens Way back in 2012. So that's 10 years now of taking athletic greens every single day. So I'm delighted that they're sponsoring this podcast. The reason I started taking athletic greens and the reason I still take athletic greens is that it covers all of my foundational nutritional needs so whether or not I'm eating well or enough or not. I'm sure that I'm covering all of my needs for vitamins, minerals, probiotics, adaptogens to combat stress and the digestive enzymes really helped my
Bastion, I just feel much better when I'm drinking athletic greens. If you'd like to try out, let it greens. You can go to athletic greens.com huberman and for the month of January, they have a special offer with it'll give you 10 free travel packs. Plus a year's supply of vitamin D3 K to vitamin D3 and K2 are vital for immune function, metabolic function Hormone Health but also calcium regulation and heart health. Again that's athletic greens.com huberman to claim their special offer in the month of January of ten, free travel packs, plus a year Supply
Why vitamin D3 K2? Okay, so we're now going to talk about ovulation and menstruation and let's just remember what this is all about. This is all about creating the potential for an egg to be fertilized. And that egg needs to have half of the chromosomal pair. So no pairs. But it's got to have 23 chromosomes, just from Mom, and we need to position that egg so that the egg can be met by the sperm and that sperm can penetrate that egg and donate its 23.
Individual strands of chromosomes to that egg so that you can bring together the DNA of dad and the DNA of mom. So the auditorium menstrual cycle occurs, when luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone have been released and the ovulatory, / menstrual cycle. And here I have to kind of pick what I want to call it. I guess to be really accurate. We would just call it the female reproductive cycle but that includes underneath it. But the menstrual cycle is it sometimes
Is called in the ovulatory cycle. So you decide, I'm going to interchangeably discuss the ovulatory cycle and the menstrual cycle. The problem is, when you say menstruation people often, think about just the period. The shedding of the uterine lining when fertilization has not occurred. So, if I start saying ovulatory cycle, just keep in mind, I'm referring to the entire thing. Now, this is probably also a good opportunity to say that. If you heard that the ovulatory / menstrual cycle is 28 days long, that's true in some cases,
Cases, but that's not always true. It's on average 28 days long. There are some females for which the ovulatory cycle will be shorter, can be as short as 21 days and other females for which it will be 35 days, long shorter than 21 days and longer than 35 days is rare. Although, it does occur one of the key things, one thing about fertility is if you talk to OBGYNs who are focused on fertility, which I have in anticipation of this episode, they'll tell you that,
Whether or not your cycle is 21 days long or 35 days, long is not as much of an issue necessarily. Unless it's happening to become much shorter or much longer in a kind of erratic way. So if you're somebody who's consistently had 23 day long cycles and all of a sudden you're having 30 day long Cycles, that's not necessarily an indication of anything bad, but if it's 21 days 1 month and it's 30 days, the next month and that 17 days the next month or even if it's always
Falling within that 21 to 35 day long cycle but it's very variable from each month or every other month. Or so you probably want to talk to your OBGYN because that could indicate a number of different things, which things could it indicate. Well, that will become clear as I spell out the biology in a bit more detail, okay? But this idea that the menstrual cycle obligatory cycle is always 28 days, that's just false that's just not true. I should also mention that there is a common misconception that because the average menstrual cycle is 28 days.
Cindy, the average is 28 days, and the lunar cycle is 28 days. And of course, there is real biology to support the fact that the lunar cycle can, in fact, impact certain aspects of human behavior, it does. And we'll talk about lunar cycles in a future episode, but there is zero data to support the idea that the menstrual cycle. And the lunar cycle are linked in any kind of calls away. Sorry, to break it to you. The lunar cycle and the tidal Cycles at the ocean are definitely
Linked in ways that are super interesting related to the tilt of the earth and the pull of gravity of different planets and it's an incredible story unto itself. But the lunar cycle in the menstrual cycle despite having some weak correlation in terms of their their gender, their duration or their so-called periodicity, no pun intended. Well, there's no causal relationship whatsoever between the lunar cycle and the menstrual cycle if any of you are aware of any real data that conflict. With what I just said, please put that in the comment section on YouTube.
YouTube, but this is pretty well established as far as I know. Okay? So we need to bring together, the so-called haploid contents, the 23 individual strands of chromosomes from the egg to a place in a position where it could potentially be fertilized by the male. So what happens luteinizing, hormone follicle-stimulating hormone travel to the ovary. These hormones are able to access the ovary. There's a lot of blood supply to the ovary.
And FSH and LH arrive at the ovary. The ovary has this Vault, this ovarian reserve of immature cells. They reside within what are called follicles, the follicles are little spherical packages that can potentially provide a nice environment for those eggs to mature. And when FSH in particular arrives at the ovary, a small number of those follicles will split off from the reserve.
If they will exit the Vault and they will undergo maturation and the key player here is follicle-stimulating hormone and the first 14 days of the menstrual ovulatory. Cycle is referred to as the follicular phase because of this relationship between FSH, triggering the maturation of a subset of follicles. Now typically in the context of a 28 day or so ovulatory, menstrual cycle day, one is designated as the first day of the period of the
Shedding of the uterine lining from the previous ovulatory menstrual cycle in which fertilization did not occur. Okay, so day one is when the period initiates it is Days 1 through 14 approximately, right? Because here we're just considering the average of a 28 day cycle but it could be longer could be shorter. But the first half of that cycle is the so-called follicular phase FSH has triggered the departure of a subset of these follicles that contain immature eggs and it is
Triggering the maturation of those eggs. Luteinizing hormone is also present, but also at relatively low levels and it's during the first half of this ovulatory, menstrual cycle that the main goal is to get those follicles to mature. So inside of those follicles, the egg is developing. It's growing, it's maturing and in doing. So it's also making its own hormones. This I think, is one of the most elegant aspects of the obligatory menstrual cycle that in a few minutes you'll learn about something which
Still to this day even though I've known about this stuff for decades now because of my training, still just blows my mind that you have a one hormone follicle-stimulating hormone triggering the maturation of some eggs inside of some follicles and then those follicles themselves making another hormone that furthers the process. And then soon as you'll learn, create a hormone to trigger the second half of the process. Just a beautiful Symphony of expression of different genes and different hormones to make everything.
I work as optimally as possible. So as these different follicles mature somehow and we still don't know exactly how one of those follicles containing. An egg gets selected, it's either because it matures the fastest or there's something about it that is still not completely understood that allows it to be selected and all the other follicles that are maturing degenerate and die and they're gone, they don't go back into the ovarian reserve, they are now
Now depleted from that bank account, that is the ovarian reserve, they die off, but that single egg that keep in mind contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, right? We haven't gotten rid of one, half of those 23 sets of chromosomes yet but that one will continue to mature. And then at some point that egg will start to undergo a process in which those chromosomes are pulled apart.
Apart by little components within the egg called spindles. They literally have a physical pulling of the chromosomes apart. So now those 23 pairs are no longer attached to one another at the middle like they were before, like two beads of of strings. Or I should say, 23 short strands of beads that were at once connected to one another now are pulled apart so that you have 23 chromosomes on each side but they're pulled apart from one another
Right. So, that diploid cell is now starting to become a cell in which half of the chromosomes, half of those 23 pairs are physically pulled away from the others and then the egg actually starts to form its own, what we call an involution, a membrane around, those 23 pairs, one set of them and encapsulate them. So you sort of got an egg with two parts, where the two sets of chromosomes, two sets of 23 chromosomes are now separate from one another inside of the egg,
And then one of those actually gets ejected from the egg and the word name of that thing that gets ejected. Its are like the little hovel pod as how I imagined it, you know, from from Star Wars, you know, her from any kind of Space Odyssey movie where something is ready to happen, you know, a little Hubble pot shoots out of the ship. Well that 23 pairs is now ejected from the egg. It's called the polar body, and that's going to generate. It's going to go away and in doing so. Take the egg cell which was once diploid had 23 pairs of
Homes and making it haploid. And now, what you've got in ideal circumstances is a beautifully pristine egg, that was selected for and has 23 single strands of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And that sex chromosome is going to be an X chromosome. Almost with certainty because female mother is creating that egg. So then the egg that contains just the appropriate, 23 single-stranded, chromosomes,
Is going to fuse with the wall of the ovary and that egg will be released and Will Travel into the fallopian tube. Now, we'll get back to that egg in a few moments. But that process, which represents the first half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle again was triggered by FS H in to some extent luteinizing hormone. But it is the ongoing maturation of that egg, which also causes the production of estrogen, which allows that whole process to occur. And you can say, why? Well the answer
To the Y, is a very important biological principle that we are going to return to a number of different contexts today, both as reference to female and male fertility, and the principle is a so called negative feedback. So when estrogen is present at relatively low levels and females in the ovary, as it is during the development of these eggs, some of that estrogen of course is going to exit the ovary.
It's going to go into the bloodstream and it's going to travel back to the pituitary. Now the pituitary can release things like follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. But the way I'd like you to think about the pituitary for sake of feedback loops is that it's sort of like a thermometer that you would put into a pool like a backyard pool, that is attached to the heater. And for instance, if you were to put a thermometer into a pool that you would like to keep it 70 degrees and the temperature of that pool is
60 degrees. Well then that thermometer ought to trigger some sort of mechanism where the pool would heat up until the temperature of the pool hit 70 degrees and then it should trigger that thermometer to turn off the heating system, okay? That's kind of a negative feedback system that would keep the temperature more or less, correct. That's a lot of the way that the system is related to estrogen and also testosterone and these different things, like luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone work as well. Typically, when the level of a hormone is too high, then
It shuts down the production of the hormones that would trigger further production of that hormone. I know that's a mouthful. It's a lot to think about and some of you are probably thinking well, I'm getting dizzy now with Biology but I promise you can understand this in females when estrogen is relatively low but not zero but is relatively low during that first follicular half of the ovulatory cycle. It actually triggers negative feedback on LH and FSH. So that not too much is produced. But then just prior to ovulation the levels of estrogen and the levels of some other
Owns from those eggs, right? You have the eggs producing estrogen themselves, gets high enough. That it actually triggers a positive feedback loop on the pituitary. So, the pituitary is, is essentially observing the amount of estrogen in the bloodstream produced by the ovary and the amount of estrogen towards the end of the second half of the menstrual cycle has increased and triggers a positive feedback loop. It triggers the pituitary to release more FSH and LH and that helps trigger ovulation.
Okay. That deployment or the release of that one mature, proper selected egg with that's haploid with a 23, individual pairs of chromosomes into the fallopian tube. So let's just back up really quickly and just kind of summarize. What's happened, gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus triggers, the release of follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone that travels to the ovary triggers the release of a subset of immature, follicles, with immature eggs, those immature follicles and immature eggs.
Start to mature, start to grow because of the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone, the growth of those eggs themselves, increases estrogen, as the estrogen start to accumulate in the environment. Some of that travels back to the pituitary and when levels of estrogen arriving at the pituitary are relatively low, the pituitary says, oh, we don't need to release any more follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone. However, at some point just prior to ovulation, enough estrogen has been produced by that one single
Selected, mature, egg, and some of the other follicles around it, that were maturing. But then since died off that the estrogen triggers, a positive feedback loop, the pituitary says, okay? And releases more follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and Bam, the egg, which has the proper genetic components, sets off, out of the ovary and into the fallopian tube so called ovulation has begun. Okay, that itself what? I just described constitutes
The first half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle, which we call the follicular phase and it's marked by the presence of FSH and some other things but we can really think about it as marked by FS H from the pituitary and by estrogen or estrogen dial made within the ovary, okay? Then comes the second half of the ovulatory, menstrual cycle, which I personally think is one of the coolest mechanisms in all of biology. Which is that remember the follicle that housed that one egg that was the selected egg that became the mature egg.
And that follicle which no longer contains the egg because the egg took off and ovulated. It's called the corpus luteum and the corpus luteum starts making three hormones which include estradiol a thing called inhibin. But the most important hormone, the one that you really need to know about is that it starts producing very high levels of progesterone progesterone levels. Start to increase about the time of ovulation, although just prior to ovulation and over the next second half.
Of the ovulatory cycle. So about 14 days, if it's a 28 day cycle, a little bit longer, a little shorter, depending on the length of cycle levels of progesterone. In the second half of the ovulatory cycle are going to increase by fourteen hundred fold compared to what they were in the first half of the ovulatory cycle. So again, if we were to characterize the menstrual ovulatory cycle with in Broad Strokes, what we would say is that FSH and estrogen Mark, the initial part the first half,
So called follicular phase. And that the estrogen and FSH set in motion ovulation, and they Prime the system for the production of a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and the second half of all of this is called the luteal phase. The second half of the ovulatory. Menstrual cycle is the luteal phase because of corpus luteum this, otherwise discarded tissue that produces progesterone. What is progesterone do well progesterone impact.
The uterine lining so-called endometrium or the lining, the mucous lining of the uterus where that egg that's ovulated is potentially going to implant if it's fertilized. And so in a Kind of Perfect way or I should say in a seemingly, perfect way the egg is off on its way, it might get fertilized. The remnants of the compartment that let go of that egg produce a hormone that then prepares the endometrial lining of the uterus.
For the potential, implantation of that egg. It's basically making the bed for the fertilized egg to potentially embed into implant in and then achieve all the nourishment that it needs to grow eventually into a healthy embryo and child. Just an amazing set of biological mechanisms if you ask me because what you're observing here is an incredible economy of function whereby the same seller components that are producing the egg. Well, some of them are being discarded but they're not being discarded.
And without purpose, there being discarded in a way that triggers the onset of hormonal expression, that then prepares the fertilized egg to be in an enriched environment in which it can Thrive. Now, I realize that was a lot of detail, but we have a couple of key themes. We've got the hypothalamus GnRH, we've got the pituitary with LH and FSH and those hormones travel to the ovary. The ovary has eggs in a vault, basically immature eggs, in a vault, some of those are activated by the presence of FSH and LH
Each month. And one of those eggs will be selected and will ovulate the remnants of the follicle and egg that are not selected. The chromosomes that you don't need or disappear in the polar body and the corpus luteum, give rise to Progesterone and sets in motion. The second half of the ovulatory menstrual cycle, which is the luteal phase, which is essentially the potential for that fertilized egg to embed in a nice nourishing environment. And of course we should all be thinking if the egg is fertilized and then it lays down in
The nice comfy uterine lining, that's been prepared by progesterone and the corpus luteum. Well, then everything's fine and good, but what if fertilization doesn't occur? Well, we all know what happens. If fertilization doesn't occur, if fertilization does not occur for whatever reason that uterine lining is going to shed and that's actually what's referred to as the period. It's the actual removal or the departure rather of the thickened endometrium lining of the uterus.
When fertilization has not occurred.
And of course, if that happens, we need another ovulatory menstrual cycle. So how does that happen? Well, the hormone inhibin is also made by the corpus luteum and doesn't go quite as high as the hormone progesterone but it kind of tracks that increase in progesterone that occurs in the second half of the ovulatory cycle. But then if fertilization does not occur inhibin level start to drop and what I haven't told you is what inhibin does inhibin in concert with other,
Hormones, like estrogen feedback to the hypothalamus, and prevent the further release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, right? If you're have an egg, that gets fertilized and can implant will, then you don't want more eggs to mature, right? You want to hold on to the ones in the vault, you don't want them to mature and hormones like inhibin. And again, working with other hormones are going to prevent the secretion of things, like, FSH and LH now, typically people are not getting pregnant every month. In fact,
Not possible in part of the reason it's not possible is that if the fertilized egg implants there, a number of different hormone Cascades that shut down the production of things like GnRH, FSH and LH and ways that prevent further maturation of follicles and a follicular phase. But in the instance, where fertilization doesn't occur and menstruation occurs. And I should mention that the duration of menstruation, the actual bleeding typically is anywhere from one to five days. The quote-unquote heaviness, the lightness,
Or heaviness of that bleeding. Will depend on. You guessed. It the amount of progesterone that is secreted from the corpus luteum. That's one of the key players there and if menstruation occurs, well then inhibin levels also drop progesterone levels also drop. And when that occurs, there's a positive feedback signal
Up at the level of the pituitary. The pituitary literally can register how much inhibin and progesterone. And estrogen is present in the bloodstream and if those levels are sufficiently low, well then GnRH gets secreted again, FSH, get secrete again and LHC get secreted again and the first half the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Initiates all over again, it's hard to overstate. How beautifully orchestrated this entire system is the number of feedback loops and feed forward loops.
I think if you can just generally understand that the first half of the menstrual ovulatory cycle is marked by the maturation of the follicles and FSH. And that the second half is marked by the accumulation of progesterone and the thickening of the uterine lining should fertilization and implantation occur. I think that you will certainly understand the female reproductive cycle better than most people out there. It will also help you understand a number of things that are sometimes associated with the female reproductive cycle. For instance, there are data showing that in many, not all, but in
Many women in the four to five days prior to ovulation, there is a dramatic increase in libido, that dramatic increase in libido, is triggered by a number of things, but some of those things include the spike in FSH that occurs the spike in LH that occurs and some Associated increases in androgens, things like DHEA and testosterone, which just as in males, can be related to libido in females trigger libido. You can imagine why this would be an effective.
Chasm to have in place in females if the goal as it were certainly of the egg perhaps not of the woman as a whole. But if the goal is to fertilize the egg so increases in libido just prior to the onset of ovulation. There's also been a lot of discussion and interest and frankly data exploring the malaise that it can occur at certain portions of the of the menstrual cycle. And there's a lot of misconception about this.
A lot of people have focused on the malaise that can occur around the time of bleeding, but there are actually stronger data to support. The fact that some, again, some not all women experience, a kind of malaise sometimes associated with anxiety. Sometimes not that's associated with the mid to second half of the luteal phase of the ovulatory menstrual cycle. And that
despite what people commonly think is not associated with elevated. Levels of estrogen, is actually associated with the depletion in estrogen levels that can occur during certain portions of that second, half of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. So again, this is highly variable, you know, for some people, they might not experience any malaise at any point during their menstrual cycle. Other individuals also, for instance might not experience any variation in their libido at any point during their menstrual cycle. Again, highly variable. And yet there are
Some statistically significant trends that have been observed, that tracked a very specific hormonal components within the menstrual cycle. Again, this will all be very contextual and of course, this can play out in a number of different ways. So for instance, some women experience very heightened levels of sensitivity to caffeine at certain portions of their menstrual cycle. Other women experience more cramping than others different portions of their menstrual cycle. Tremendous variation from Individual to individual, one of the, I view it as an advantage, but
One of the things that many females can really do and experience because they have cycles that occur every month that are fairly dramatic in terms of the levels of hormones. So, for instance, a more than thousand fold increase in progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. And I should also mention a two hundred fold increase in estrogen During the period just prior to ovulation. That's why they always say estrogen Prime's progesterone. That's what you learn and kind of basic Endocrinology when you're learning the menstrual cycle estrogen, in the first half,
The menstrual cycle Prime's progesterone in the second half of the ovulatory. Menstrual cycle. Well, that those estrogen increases just prior to ovulation are in part responsible for the increases in libido, but it's also the presence of increased Androgen just prior to ovulation. So there's a lot of complex interplay. I think what we will do is we will reserve the discussion about libido per se and some of the other aspects related to sexual differentiation that we're talking about earlier for a future episode. But hopefully now,
You have in mind what the ovulatory menstrual cycle is. It is a signal from the brain from the hypothalamus, which then triggers a signal from the pituitary and endocrine gland, which then signals, the release of hormones that travel to the ovary and that control, two things, maturation of eggs, and the identification of one egg in particular, and then preparation of the milieu, the environment in which that fertilized egg could potentially land and mature into a
Healthy embryo and child. So if you have that framed up in your mind and even if you just extracted maybe 10 to 15 percent of the hormones and different aspects, I described up. Until now, I would consider you far more knowledgeable about this entire process than 99% of people out there, certainly not the OBGYNs in urologist, but then 99 percent of individuals out there, it also frames up for us, the second half of this whole story about fertility and fertilization, which is
The generation of sperm and how the sperm eventually arrive at the egg and how certain sperm are selected to potentially fertilize that egg, whereas others never really stand a chance. So next we're going to talk about sperm, we're going to talk about what sperm are where they are generated and how they are generated and how they need to travel both within the mail. And within the female in order to allow fertilization to potentially occur, I'd like to take a brief break and thank our sponsor inside tracker in
Tracker is a personalized nutrition platform. The analyzes data from your blood and DNA to help you better understand your body and help you reach your health goals. I've long been a believer in getting regular blood work done. For the simple reason that many of the factors that impact your immediate and long-term Health can only be analyzed from a quality blood test, the problem with a lot of blood and DNA test out there. However, is that you get data back about metabolic factors lipids and hormones and so forth. But you don't know what to do with those data inside, tracker solves that problem and makes it very easy for you.
You to understand what sorts of nutritional behavioral, maybe even supplementation based interventions. You might want to take on in order to adjust the numbers of those metabolic factors hormones, lipids and other things. That impact your immediate and long-term Health to bring those numbers into the ranges that are appropriate and indeed optimal. For you, if you'd like to try inside tracker, you can visit inside tracker.com huberman and get 20% off any of inside trackers plans. That's inside tracker.com huberman to get 20% off. So,
Cover the ovulatory cycle in females. And I confess it was a lot of information with a lot of biological nomenclature, but I promise you that many of those same themes and indeed the same names and nomenclature will show up in the discussion that we're going to have now, which is about the generation of sperm. Now, sperm are similar to eggs in the sense that they are part of the germline. They are these protected cells protecting the sense that the activities of an individual are not going to change.
Change the genetic makeup of those cells. Now, again, there are instances in which mutagens such as chemicals could disrupt the genomes of The Germ cells and males just as it could in females. But in general, the activities, the things that we do the experiences, we have doesn't tend to change the Genome of those cells. However, there are a lot of Lifestyle factors do's, and don'ts nutrition, and supplements, and prescription drugs, Etc. That can indeed modify the quality of the sperm.
We'll talk about what sperm quality means, but the point is that the sperm cell much like the egg cell. Are both germ lines out there. Not like somatic cells are unique populations. And let's just remember what the job of the sperm cell is the job of the sperm cell is to deliver the genetic material from the father and to do that in the form of a haploid cell. So that means 23 chromosomes, 22 autosomes one
So called sex chromosome again, not sex, the verb least not. In this case X, the verb is a discussion. We're going to have in a few minutes. But sex the noun, the sex chromosome can either be an X chromosome or ay, Y chromosome. Okay. So 22 autosomes and then one sex chromosome is going to be contained within the sperm because it's a haploid cell. Not a diploid cell, remember the egg was diploid, then it became haploid, the sperm cells.
Our cells that are created through the division of other cells, but after that division, occurs through a process called meiosis, the sperm cell is going to contain 23 chromosomes, consisting of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. And the sperm that manages to deposit, its DNA contents into the egg, to fertilize the egg will either have an ex sex chromosome or a why sex chromosome. And the Y sex chromosome has a number of different genes on that.
Chromosome, that will suppress, for instance, the development of the female reproductive axis of one. Good example, would be that mullerian inhibiting hormone, ER, mih, the gene for malaria inhibiting hormone which is a hormone that prevents the formation of the mullerian ducts, which is part of the female reproductive structure. Well, that Gene controls the prevention of the development of the female genitalia and in doing so promote.
The development of the male genitalia and there are other examples of genes that are on the Y, chromosome that give you a, what we call male phenotype, right? You have genotype and phenotype. By the way, in case you haven't heard this in a while from your high school biology or if you never heard it, no big deal karyotype is the complement of chromosome, XX or XY. And there are individuals out there that are XX y or x y y, a discussion for our episode, on sex differentiation that's karyotype with a k, then there's genotype which are the genes that you have. And then there's
Phenotype. Spelled phv note phe and 0t, Y PE phenotype, and the phenotype is how the genes, which then code for RNA, which code for protein, how those are expressed in terms of things like eye color? So I colors of phenotype. Height is a phenotype hair colors of phenotype because you have karyotype genotype and phenotype. Well, what we need to do is we need to bring together that sperm, which is haploid contains those 23, chromosomal strands with either an x-ray,
Why sex chromosome is the 23rd chromosome. We need to get that cell to the egg and so when we talk about spermatogenesis, of course, we're talking about the generation of sperm cells. But what we're really talking about is the generation of cells, whose job is to deliver the genetic material from dad to the egg. Within the female in a way that increases the probability that not only will that egg be fertilized, but that it will progress in a healthy way.
With each set of chromosomes, from Mom and from Dad, each set of 23 chromosomes, that is real progress in a healthy way, will implant in a healthy way and will maintain and grow in a healthy way to a healthy embryo and child and eventually adult that's the job of the sperm. Okay? So as we talk about spermatogenesis, let's just remember that and why they're there in the first place. Now, a few things about sperm that are interesting. Besides the fact that they're haploid
Besides the fact that as you all know, they swim, they have a head and a tail. They actually have a head, a mid region and a tail that mid-region turns out to be very important, that something will come back to again. And again, that mid-region is really key for the ability for sperm to engage. In forward, progression to swim forward and involves the activity of mitochondria which are involved in generation of ATP which is involved in all aspects of energy and all cells. But let's just remember that the sperm are swimming cells and in order to
create a really good swimmer or set of swimmers, you need a couple of things. First of all, within the testes is where the sperm developed and unlike in females and unlike in the ovary, there's no Vault of sperm, the sperm are continually being generated takes about 60 days for sperm, to be born from their parent cells because cells actually give rise to other cells that. So, it works to be born from their parent cells and then matured to the point where they can be a really good swimmer. Now, that doesn't mean
That a bunch of sperm are made on day one, and then 60 days later, although sperm are deployed in the form of a jackal 8, and then the cycle starts over again. So it's a little different than the ovulatory menstrual cycle rather at any given point in time, like right now. If you have testes you have some sperm in your testes that are immature and cannot swim cannot deliver those contents to those genetic contents. Rather to the female egg. And you have some sperm of the mature and you very likely
We have some sperm that are so mature that they are dying off or that they're dead. Almost certainly also, regardless of your age, you have some sperm that are healthier than others are better swimmers than others. This is just the way the system works. Now, the process of spermatogenesis involves a couple of things, but a lot of the players are the same as the process of developing the so-called oh, site, the immature egg.
We've got GnRH from the hypothalamus, that's going to be a player. We have FSH follicle stimulating hormone, although the name is a little bit of a misnomer in the context of spermatogenesis because in the context of formatted Genesis, there is no follicle. What we're really talking about as FSH for stimulating, the maturation of the sperm cell. So not egg follicle, but sperm cell, but we still have GnRH FSH LH and rather than the ovary bring the target of those hormones, it's going to be the testes. So
Most everybody
should know that the testes and the ovaries are the so-called gonads, the testes. Of course, reside outside of the body, there are instances where the testes fail to descend during development. Certainly, if the testes don't descend on time, that something that doctors need to be made aware of the pediatricians, be made aware of because that can prevent fertility. Why would that be? Well, turns out that the testes, reside outside the body in the scrotum because the temperature
Missions under which spermatogenesis can occur and under which healthy sperm can be maintained are very restricted and is approximately 2 degrees cooler than the rest of the body. This is very important and I think this is something that used to be discussed a lot more but isn't discussed, so much these days, but keeping the testes. Cool enough doesn't necessarily mean keeping them cold, although there is a place for using cold exposure to liberate cold, exposure to improve sperm.
Quality and number and perhaps. Even testosterone levels will talk about that a little bit later, but keeping the testes about two degrees cooler than the rest of the body is absolutely key. If sperm get too hot, they die and a spermatocytes the cells. Get that give rise to sperm get too warm. Well, then, oftentimes the sperm that develop are not healthy, not healthy in a number ways, either. They can't engage in Fast. Forward progression and sweat that is swimming or they will lack the ability.
Leti to deposit, their DNA contents within the egg. So, again, whatever is contained in the ejaculate is going to be a mixture of different sperm, qualities. And sperm of different ages will impact the quality, but also the temperature under, which those sperm developed is going to impact their quality. And so we're going to get into tools a little bit later, as I mentioned, but just to give you a simple takeaway, if you are hoping to conceive in the next 90 days, right? The spermatogenesis cycle, take 60
Is but then the sperm actually have to migrate from the testicle into the so-called epididymis, which is a related structure and then into the vas deferens. And then into the urethra where it can be part of the ejaculate. In order for sperm to do all that properly, undergo, that maturation, and then exit in ejaculate in a way that's healthy or that the sperm is healthy.
If you plan to conceive children or to try and conceive children in the next 90 days, you definitely want to avoid exposing your testicles, that is your scrotum to elevated temperatures. So that means definitely avoiding hot tubs, definitely avoiding hot baths. Now, a brief hot bath or hot tub or hot shower isn't going to be a problem. Although, if you're really interested in conceiving, I would avoid hot tubs and and hot baths, as much as possible. Hot showers are probably fine.
But if you're going to go into a sauna, for instance, you might want to rethink that decision. And if you do decide to you almost certainly would want to bring a cold pack in that you could hopefully put some material between the cold pack and the scrotum so you don't get a cold burn but put something there but keep the scrotal tissue. Cool. Keep it cold to cool because heat exposure can really mutate and disrupt the developing sperm and it can kill sperm. And so, again, that would be
An entire 90 days leading up to your attempts to conceive. Again, we'll get into more tools later, but a number of people, also, have probably heard of The Boxers versus briefs controversy. I guess it is or whether or not people call it going commando with no with no underwear of any kind boxers, briefers briefs or otherwise rather turns out that the date on that point to the fact that there isn't really a big difference in terms of sperm quality. If people wear boxers or briefs or don't wear,
Anything under their jeans or shorts at all. The scrotum has the ability to move the testicles far enough away from the body in order to achieve lower temperatures. If it needs to achieves that through a muscle called the cream Master muscle, which is a really interesting muscle, believe it or not, I was reading up on the biology of the cream Master muscle. Something I never thought I'd spend too much time on but that I ended up spending far too much time reading up about and it's really fascinating. What you have is a is a muscle. That's a smooth muscle tissue.
Unlike skeletal muscle, which is striated muscle. That is temperature dependent. So, it has certain nerve endings. And it has certain receptors on it, that allow it to respond to local temperature. And then to relax in order to essentially, let the testicles to descend further from the body, or to contract and bring the testicles closer to the body in order to try and maintain the optimal temperature range. And it turns out the cream Master muscle can achieve that whether or not people are wearing boxers or briefs. Although it stands to reason that any kind of
There's no other name for undergarments, you know, I don't know why that word is just seems kind of antiquated but undergarment that allows some movement of the of the scrotum. In the testicles should be sufficient to allow these temperature variations to occur and keep keep things in range. That said a little bit later, we're go into some detail really. Because it's important as to why, for instance, if you are somebody who has big thighs, believe it or not, that it actually can lower sperm count substantially, whether or not the big thighs occur because you're very muscular. The big thighs occur because
As you are overweight, it can increase the temperature. If you're sitting a lot increases scrotal temperature for sure and there are some other things that can increase Global temperature seat heaters in cars, for instance, terrible idea. If you just terrible idea, if you're hoping to conceive in the near future and again, hot tub, things of that sort. Okay? So temperature modulation of spermatogenesis and sperm quality, and function is key that relates a little bit more to tools, but what
How does the actual sperm develop well contained within the testicle, you have the cells, the so-called spermatogonium. Would you differentiate into so-called spermatocytes? You don't have to remember all this and the spermatocytes undergo this process of meiosis, meiosis is a form of cell division, which reduces the chromosome number to those 23 individual strands as opposed to pairs, right? So, it makes them haploid. As opposed to diploid, very, very important for reasons that we talked about earlier and the meiosis process in
These primordial sperm cells. He's immature. Sperm cells is similar to the meiosis process that occurs in eggs. When the chromosomes segregate in that involves these spindle like structures within the cell. Now, why do I keep bringing up the spindles? Well, it turns out that the function of the spindle in the egg and the sperm is heavily dependent on mitochondrial function and later when we get into tools for improving egg, and sperm quality, you're going to hear about a lot of tools for improving mitochondria, and it's not just because the mitochondria are involved in, in
Energy demanding aspects of Cell Biology, but it's also because the mitochondria in this context are very, very important for the removal of or the separation of one set of chromosomes, to give you these two sets of haploid cells, the egg and the sperm. And this is so important because many failures at fertilization many failures at implantation. Many, many miscarriages and many birth defects that do survive after birth. That are very detrimental.
Such as Trisomy knees and things like that occur because the spindles don't effectively pull apart the chromosomes in the typically the egg, but it can also occur in the sperm, okay? So, these spindles, and the fact that mitochondria rich on the spindle are very important for generating, these haploid sperm, again, 23 individual, strands, of chromosomes. That's occurring inside of the testes. Okay, so there's not as much long-distance migration of the spermatozoa of the
It's in the sperm cells, as there is the egg. Just when you think about the overall architecture of the uterus and the Fallopian tubes compared to the testicles, but there's still a lot of movement So within the testicle, if you were to look at the testicle in cross-section, and I prefer to call it that rather than cut the testicle and half any time, you talk about Anatomy, actually, talk about slicing things, that's what you would do. And with a cadaver is what I teach and we do my laboratory and frankly in biological Laboratories all over the place. But when you talk about is you talk about, if you were to take a visual cross-section through
Ooh, the testicle. What you would find is that there are a lot of different little tubes, lot of ducks, D UC, TS Ducks. Those are Pathways. And the main ducks that are important for this discussion are called the seminiferous tubules, okay? So it's a, it's a mesh-like or network structure of tubes in the testicle, and the immature sperm, sit on a little compartment along the edge of those tubes. And as they mature, they move towards the center of those tubes. And then when they are,
Sure enough, those sperm cells actually drop into the hollow of the tube and then can travel through those tubes to a structure. That's along the side of the testicle called the epididymis, the epididymis again as a series of ducts. And then the epididymis converges with something called the vas deferens, okay? I think in high school we all remember this by thinking about, it's the vast difference. I don't know that. I don't know who came up with that. Maybe I think it was a young girl sitting to the left of me. That was like,
Oh it's like the vast difference. I never forgot that. I don't know, maybe was the topic matter. Maybe it was her baby with some combination of the two but in any case the sperm go from the seminar Forest, tubules to the epididymis and then to the vas deferens and then are contained in the ejaculate along with seminal fluid. Now the seminal fluid is the carrier fluid for the sperm themselves. This is important because it turns out that a lot of things that can both negatively or positively impact the quality of the sperm.
Lates not just of the sperm cells themselves and the temperature of the environment that they were matured in, but also to the semen quality. For instance, if you are a heavy drinker, if you are a smoker or if you are a regular user of cannabis, especially if you smoke cannabis or vape, cannabis you create a lot of reactive oxygen species, that disrupt the chemistry of the seminal fluid which disrupts the
Sperm cell. So it's not a direct action always on the sperm cell itself, although it can be. So, for instance, in the form of of smoke tobacco or cannabis, there are a lot of carcinogens and mutagens that actually mutate. The DNA can cause DNA fragmentation and debilitate sperm. But there are also a lot of things created by smoking in particular. Whether regardless of what's being smoked that can create elevated, reactive, oxygen species and disrupt. The seminal fluid that the sperm are
Then in the so called a jack of the semen. Now, this will also become irrelevant conversation later. When we briefly talked about vasectomies, vasectomies are literally a cutting of the vas deferens which leads to a situation provided, the surgery was done correctly, where men can still achieve all the other aspects of intercourse, I can still achieve erection, they can still achieve orgasm, they can still ejaculate, but when they ejaculate
The seminal fluid is released but there are no sperm contained within the seminal fluid. And it turns out that vasectomies are a very effective form of birth control. And they always check to see if zero sperm and confirm that zero sperm are being released in the ejaculate. They are reversible. That is vasectomies are reversible, but not always, there are a subset of cases, where it's not reversible, in which case, if people still want to have children, you have to go in and actually surgically extract sperm from the testicles, but it's a process in which
The vas deferens is altered or severed in a way that the sperm can't actually exit the testicle. They can get into the epididymis usually but not into the vas deferens and so on and so forth. So if you've ever wondered what a vasectomy is, that's what a vasectomy is. And I mentioned vasectomy, now because it illustrates the difference between the seminal fluid, the semen, and the sperm that the semen contain, okay? So 60 days to generate these the sperm another
Two weeks or so, for the sperm to travel, through the various ducks to the point where they can be contained in the ejaculate. Let's talk about the sperm cells themselves, the sperm cells. Again, have these 23 pairs of single string, chromosomes, they're haploid. They have the either an X or Y sex. Chromosome is the 23rd so-called sex chromosome. And as we all know, they have a head that head tends to be oval and most cases, the head contains a very important enzymes and proteins that are
And to fuse with the much larger egg and to actually take the membrane of the sperm cell and combine to actually mesh with the egg cells membrane. And then deliver the genetic contents to the egg cell. In other words to fertilize the egg cell. Now, just behind the head is a region called the mid region. That mid region is a slightly thickened region.
And here, of course, I'm talking about healthy sperm cell morphology, morphology simply mean shape, a mid region that mid region has a bunch of things related to cell motility and to the forward progression of the cells. First of all, it is chock-a-block full of mitochondria. In fact, if you were to look just behind the head of the of the sperm, what you'd see is that it is completely surrounded by mitochondria their mitochondria elsewhere in the cell but most of them are contained in this mid-region compartment, just behind the
ahead of the sperm. And that thick region is where the tail movement of the sperm. The flagellation back and forth is actually generated from much. Like, if you were to hold a rope, you know, like a battle rope in the gym, and you were to, you know, whip the battle rope, the whip, at the one end of the Rope is what allows for the. Let's just call it what it is that the Curves in the rope that the
Relations, the rising and falling of the robe all the way out to the end, right? It is the force of the of the whip, right? At that end that you're, you know, with the battle rope you're doing with your hand and then with a sperm that is occurring just behind the head of the sperm. That is actually going to dictate how fast, and how well that sperm can swim. And indeed the sperm has to swim very far how far well on a relative scale. And again, these are estimations because they're going to be how should we say there?
Will be differences in the distance from the head of the penis and where the ejaculation occurs to the cervix depending on the relative size of, the vaginal canal, and the penis that delivers the ejaculate to the vaginal Canal. But once the sperm arrive at the cervix, okay? Which is at the back of the vaginal Canal, just at the opening to the uterus. Once the sperm arrived there, the distance from the cervix,
To the Egg, of course, will vary. Depending on where that egg is in its ovulatory, trajectory it's pathway, but it is a kin based. If you scale for size to the distance between Los Angeles, and San Francisco, which is many, many hundreds of miles. So those sperm have to swim very far. Now of course, if the sperm are delivered in the vaginal Canal, somewhat further away, they will have further to go if they're delivered. Right at the cervical opening, they will have less far to go the very effective swimming.
Sperm swim very fast. So they are able to accomplish that distance in just a few days. And this relates to a discussion that we will get into in a lot more detail later as to how often couples should have intercourse if they're trying to conceive, maybe people might think. Well, it's every day, however, the more frequent the ejaculation, the lower, the concentration of sperm and ejaculate. So, this is not a discussion about how often to have intercourse, depending to your preferences for
Or bonding or whatever. Reason, this is a discussion about how often to have intercourse in order to optimize the probability of fertilization of the egg. There's some general rules that of course, come to mind, which is ejaculations close to ovulation, both before during or sometimes after are obviously advantageous but you will also hear OBGYNs and urologist suggesting intercourse every other day leading up to the day of ovulation.
Writing about 3 to 4 days out from the day of ovulation. So we got a little bit sidetracked albeit I think appropriately. So and focusing on fertilization but we were talking about right up until the point of that is the anatomy of the sperm itself, which is the head, the mid region that contains all those mitochondria and then the tail. Now, what we haven't discussed is the actual generation of the sperm. So if you're a male or if you're a female, I think it's really important to understand how
Spermatogenesis works.
Spermatogenesis Works in much in the same way that the generation and maturation of eggs work. Although as I mentioned before, it's going to occur ongoing throughout the cycle of the male's life after puberty, we already talked about puberty and I'll just cover this in two or three sentences as it relates to males, and it's essentially the same thing. The hypothalamus up until the point of puberty is providing suppression.
Of the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone then some biological clock, which is still not clearly understood. It's probably not leptin coming from body fat again. Unlike in the female, it's probably not leptin coming from body fat but some other signal arrives to the hypothalamus, removes that inhibition and GnRH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is now released onto the pituitary. A bunch of hormones are deployed from the pituitary as a consequence. The two most important ones for the context of this discussion.
Our follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone travel to the testes. And they're going to do two main things one, they are going to trigger the production of testosterone and they're going to trigger the production of the sperm themselves are going to set in motion for essentially the rest of the life of the male. The production of sperm, they're going to initiate the spermatogenesis cycle and that cycle is going to be ongoing at various stages for different sperm.
For the rest of the man's life is very different than the triggering of development of oocytes and eggs. And females where there's an existing Vault, that Vault can be depleted to the point of zero where it can't occur again men can generate sperm their entire lifetime of course there's a diminishment of sperm production in very very late age. Say 80s and 90s or hundreds but believe it or not, they're still sperm being produced. The quality of those sperm is another question. So everything we're going to talk about
Now is essentially puberty onward, okay? Prior to that testicles are present, but they're not generating sperm ejaculation is impossible or if it is possible. It's very unlikely and unusual, and it's not going to contain sperm.
Everything we're going to talk about now is puberty forward. Okay. So puberty onward to the rest of life and luteinizing hormone secreted from the pituitary acts on the testes and on a very specific cell type in the testes called the lighting cells, or latex cells. L, ey, D, IG, the late excels, the latex cells of the testes are what produce testosterone testosterone is going to have two major effects. And here I am
I mean really major because it has many many hundreds of effects on different tissues of the body. In fact that's the definition of a hormone, really. It's a it's a substance that acts in an endocrine fashion. It can act on the very tissue that generated it. So for instance testosterone made by the lighting cells within the testes will act on the testes as we'll talk about in a moment but it can also act on other tissues. It can act on the pharynx and larynx and deepen the voice as it does during puberty can act on the hair follicles and generate facial hair. It can act on the musculature and generate protein synthesis and development of muscle bone.
On etcetera. OK. All the things we associate with puberty and with testosterone typically,
Restricting, the conversation to the effects of testosterone on the testicle itself and on spermatogenesis, the lytic cells make testosterone and keep in mind that some of that testosterone will travel elsewhere in the body and do its thing for gene expression and the more acute effects of testosterone on the brain included.
But the testosterone within the testes is at extremely high concentration. In fact, the concentration of intra testicular testosterone is at least 100 times higher than the concentration of testosterone anywhere else in the body even though it's being secreted into the rest of the body. And that's because there are a number of different so-called binding proteins and enzymes that sequester the testosterone within the testes. So the lytic cells are making testosterone. A lot of that testosterone is acting on in, is
Stood to the testes. And that turns out to be very important because testosterone within the testes, acts in concert with a different biological program. That starts with FSH follicle stimulating hormone that also travels to the testes and acts on a very specific set of cells that are called supporting cells or more specifically, their sertoli cells. The sertoli cells are the cells, that generate something called a BP or
Binding protein and it is the combination of testosterone from the lighting cells and ABP from the sertoli cells. That is necessary for spermatogenesis. It's necessary for those spermatocytes to become what will eventually be healthy mature, sperm? That have really nice shaped oval heads have a mid-region, chock-a-block through mitochondria and can generate a fast whipping motion of the tail to swim from the cervix, or up the vagina into the cervix and from the cervix
To the egg to fertilize the egg. So it's really a basic set of chemical players that are involved here. And so basic in fact that if you were to disrupt any, one of these chemical players either, the luteinizing hormone the FSH, the testosterone for the lytic cells, or antigen binding. Protein, you would observe pretty Market disruption in spermatogenesis, or the elimination of sperm entirely will get into a few deficits and sperm development, and sperm, number, and sperm function, little bit.
But just keep in mind where I should say, maybe sit back and just appreciate that. The exact same players GnRH from the hypothalamus, which causes luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone released from the pituitary, which travels to the gonad. Which in this case is the testicle, which triggers the release of testosterone from lydick cells, which triggers the action of the supporting cells. The sertoli cells, which make Androgen binding protein testosterone and antigen binding protein.
Vine and create a chemical and actually a structural milieu in which those little spermatocytes can go from the walls. From literally the walls of the tubes of the seminiferous. Tubules can mature into healthy well-developed sperm and can hop into those Ducks. Those little tubes, and then head off to the epididymis where they will. Reside, the epididymis is the tissue nearby, the testicular surrounding one portion of the testicle and then eventually fuse with the vas. Deferens can combine with
Be contained with rather the seminal fluid and then can be ejaculated via the urethra into the female where then they can swim very quickly effectively the distance for them. Anyway from Los Angeles to San Francisco over the course of a very short period of time and fertilize the egg. So that's the process of spermatogenesis, the maturation of sperm, which is ongoing throughout the lifespan from puberty onward and in doing. So, we talked about some of the hormonal elements coming from the
Hypothalamus and coming from the pituitary and within the testes themselves, the leydig cells, which produce testosterone the sertoli cells which are the support cells that allow spermatogenesis to occur.
With that, in mind next, I'd like to think about what's actually contained in the ejaculate in terms of numbers of sperm, and what's really being selected for, in terms of the sperm that actually successfully fertilizes the egg and what sorts of elements come into play in dictating whether or not fertilization will or won't occur and the major themes that we're going to discuss our frequency of ejaculation, but really, that's just kind of a proxy for talking about maximizing sperm concentration, and quality of sperm arrive.
At the egg, right? Because remember, ovulation in the menstrual cycle are really about creating the opportunity for fertilization. Okay. And we are also going to talk about how the vaginal duct, the vagina, and the milieu around the cervix and some other elements within the female herself, contribute to and support the sperm in their Journey to the egg and in the likelihood that they will fertilize the egg. So really what we need to talk about first is sperm quality and
We should also probably talk about ejaculate quality because, as odd is that theme might seem really the jacket quality, which has a number of different parameters, including the number of mature sperm that are not so mature that they're swimming. Slower are dead, but also quality sperm. That have for instance, one tail, it's not entirely uncommon to see sperm with two tails, right? Because they just didn't form properly or sperm that are not moving very much. In fact, sperm motility is
Along a scale of 0 1 2 or 3 3 being the best for Fast Forward progressing. A zero is not moving at all one. They're actually called twitchers. Right. Twitchers. Our sperm that's or just Twitch in place, but don't undergo forward progression to is somewhere in between one and three. Not surprisingly different clinics different OBGYNs. Different urologists will throw out different numbers. But in general, it is hoped that more than 50% of the sperm should.
It'd be motile in some way or another, so not scoring a zero but one or two or ideally, a three, the concentration of sperm. Of course, if it's higher within the ejaculate, you know, that total number of sperm per milliliter of ejaculate if that's higher than there's a higher probability. That one of those sperm will fertilize the egg one thing I didn't mention before when discussing the production of eggs and ovulation and I probably should have. So I will now is that most often only one ovary
Gives rise to an ovulating egg. Its it happens but it's somewhat rare for to mature eggs, one from each ovary to be deployed during a single ovulation. There's a name for that. When it occurs in both are fertilized, it's called fraternal twins. If a single egg that of course, comes from a single ovary is fertilizing, the egg splits and that's something that happens further along the process of
Fertilization and differentiation of the embryo. Well, then what you get are identical twins. There are other instances that are quite uncommon in, which you can get fraternal twins through other circumstances. But in general, that's the way it works. But essentially, what happens is one egg from one ovary, that's the most common occurrence. The sperm, once ejaculated into the vaginal duct are going to pass through the cervix and then are going to swim toward the egg, the egg could be at varying locations.
Along the female reproductive access. Now this is actually a very important thing and actually gets right down to the safety of both, the potentially developing embryo and the mother, there is something referred to as ectopic pregnancy and that's when the pregnancy actually occurs within the Fallopian tubes. So the precise location in which fertilization between the sperm and the Egg occurs can vary somewhat. But ideally the fertilized egg implants into the endometrium where the endometrial lining of the uterus.
And develops, they are as opposed to within the Fallopian tubes, which is so called ectopic pregnancy. Now, where the sperm and the Egg meet exactly can vary as I mentioned before, but in general, the faster swimming sperm and the more far along the ovulatory church, actory the egg are the higher, the probability of a successful fertilization, because of the proximity to the implantation zone of the uterus. So basically it's all a probabilities game. It's a probabilities game related to the number of sperm cells. That encounter the egg.
And where the egg is, in terms of its ovulatory cycle and also its position where it is in the ovulatory cycle, the sperm parameters, I should say the semen parameters and ejaculate parameters that most clinicians want to see if you were to give a sperm sample would be somewhere in excess of 15 million sperm per milliliter of ejaculate. Now, there's a lot of discussion, nowadays, it seems to be a very popular news theme to talk about
About diminishing sperm counts, the idea that a hundred years ago or maybe even 35 years ago, the typical male jacket contained, a hundred million sperm per milliliter and nowadays. It's down to 15 to 20 or 50 and indeed sperm counts. Do seem to be declining and the exact reasons for that are not clear. I confess I'm a little bit reluctant to talk about this because there have been a lot of back and forth discussions about the safety of EMS of electromagnetic fields. It's not exactly what we're talking about here, but there are
Some excellent data contained in meta-analyses and reviews that I will provide links to. And that we'll talk about in more detail in a minute that correlate, the Advent of smartphones and in particular carrying of smartphones in the pocket with diminishing sperm counts. Although there are certain to be other factors that can explain diminishing sperm counts as well, dr. Shana Swan, for instance is done beautiful work. Describing how the phthalates and the bpa's and so-called end just endocrine.
Raptors might be disrupting some of the milieu of the seminiferous tubules. So this would be reductions in testosterone and or disruptions to the sertoli cells. And Energon binding protein brought about by endocrine disruptors. Such as phthalates contained in pesticides, and contained on printed receipts and things of that sort. There are some data that that is negatively impacting sperm counts, how much? So is still debatable. There are also quite good data point in the fact that both the heat related and the
On heat-related impact of smartphones and laptops. Contained on the, the lap are impacting sperm count in in a negative way. Again, there's going to be tremendous variation in the concentration of sperm from one individual to next. It will vary according to age and a number of other factors that we'll talk about a little bit later. But in general, if somebody is wishing to conceive then clinicians like to see a ejaculate volume of more than 2 ml. So Jacqueline
Volume can be anywhere from 1 Point, 5, to 5 ml. And that will strongly be determined by how frequent ejaculation is occurring. There's a lot that goes into evaluating the quality of ejaculate and sperm. But basically these huge variations that are observed of anywhere from 15 million sperm per milliliter or in some males who are not producing sperm, for whatever reason, we will talk about those reasons in a little bit the as low as 5 million sperm per milliliter all
way up to 100 or maybe in 200 million sperm per milliliter huge variation,
The cause of, which is not always clear but is certainly determined in part by the frequency of ejaculation. So, because there are so many variables impacting why one male versus another mail, or even the same mail across the lifespan might have variations in his concentration of sperm within the ejaculate. Let's talk for a second about frequency of ejaculation as it relates to the goal of fertility per se, because that's really what today's episode is all about. So what I'd like to talk about next is how people can.
Reese the probability of a successful. Fertilization focusing both on the components from the male side and from the female side. And I'm mainly going to couch this discussion in the context of the so-called natural method of sexual intercourse and ejaculation in Vivo right within the female. But I will also touch on some parallel themes as it relates to in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination. Okay, so the idea here is that we want the maximum number of hi
Quality sperm that is rapidly forward, motile sperm that are of the correct morphology that is shape. That's going to require a lot of mitochondria and the mid-region a well-shaped head. So it's going to be an oval shaped head. The tail is going to be a single tail, not multiple Tails. These aren't going to be the Twitter type of Aura motile type of sperm that are either twitching and place or aren't moving forward. All of those components are going to be essential for increasing the probability of fertilization but of course there's the female side of it too. Which
Is that ovulation occurs on just one day during the menstrual ovulatory cycle, and that egg will be available for fertilization for approximately 24 hours. Now, keep in mind that the sperm can survive within the vaginal docked, and within the area around the cervix and within the uterus, and along the female reproductive tract for anywhere from three to five, or it's even been described as up to 7 days. But generally, it's going to be about three to five days now. Most women can figure out the day of their
Population by counting the total number of days of their typical cycle. And this is where it's really useful to have a cycle that's of more or less regular duration or rather of more or less regular length. So as we talked about earlier, if somebody cycle is 21 days or 25 days and it's 21 or 25 days consistently or even 30 days consistently that's going to be a far better scenario to favor. Fertilization then if it's 20 days one month and then 21 days the next month. But then suddenly, you know,
Days. And then suddenly 35 days, those varying durations of the ovulatory cycle. Make it very hard obviously, to time, and understand when ovulation is going to occur. So, regular duration, ovulatory, Cycles are the ideal circumstance and they're the ideal circumstance. Because even though the egg is only available for fertilization for a few days, those sperm can survive for some period of time which leads to the issue of how often should couples be having intercourse. And here, I'm referring specifically to in
Course with ejaculation, how often should couples be having intercourse around the time of ovulation? If the specific goal is successful fertilization of the egg and the creation of a baby, okay. This is leaving aside all issues which of course are interesting issues related to how often people are having intercourse, whether or not, there's a Jackie, Elation every time they have intercourse or not for sake of pleasure or for sake of pair bonding and pleasure or for sake of any number of other potential goals of intercourse here.
I'm only referring to intercourse as it relates to the goal of fertilization of the egg. Okay, so knowing what we know about spermatogenesis and the fact that ejaculate is going to contain a certain concentration of sperm, but that within that ejaculate, some of the sperm will be older and less healthy, and some will be optimally mature, and some might even be a little bit immature. Although there's a tendency for the immature sperm to not have yet exited the seminiferous.
Yours gone into the epididymis and vas deferens but given that, the ejaculate contains sperm of varying, ages and therefore, varying quality. And given that, with each successive ejaculation in a short period of time, there's going to be a decrease in the concentration of sperm, per mL of semen of ejaculate. We can make some good arguments as to how often couples should have intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation. If the goal is to fertilize
If ovulation occurs on for instance day, 14 of a cycle here. We're using the kind of standard average of 28 days the cycle, but for somebody with a 30 day cycle, you know, that could be day 15 or with a shorter cyclic. Be day at 12, for instance, but given a 28-day average cycle. Let's say, ovulation occurs on day, 13, or on day 14 and typically would occur on day 14 of a 28-day cycle. Well then given how long sperm can survive inside of the woman.
I think that the optimal strategy would be to have as much intercourse with ejaculation in the three or four days leading up to ovulation. Hope that those sperm has swooned them as far as they possibly can, and will encounter the egg, just as soon as possible after it, ovulates turns out, that's not the optimal strategy. The optimal strategy is really to maximize the concentration of healthy, sperm within each ejaculate, and to really Center that around the day of ovulation. So, what this involves generally with the typical
Recommendation is is to abstain from intercourse with ejaculation about two or three days out from ovulation. And then, on the day prior to ovulation and on the day of ovulation to essentially introduced as much semen and ejaculate into the reproductive pathway of the female as possible, okay? Now that's the general recommendation, that the OBGYNs and the urologist that I spoke to gave, but you will also hear a
For in strategy, it's only slightly different, but the difference, draggy involves trying to maximize the concentration of healthy sperm within each ejaculate. With the understanding that, with each subsequent ejaculation over about a 24-hour period, that there's going to be a dramatic reduction in the concentration of sperm, what that means is that if a couple for instance, were to have intercourse with ejaculation many times on the day, prior to ovulation, yes, that will introduce a lot of sperm into the reproductive pathway, the female. But
What it means is that on the day of ovulation, if they were to have intercourse the number of high quality sperm that will be available to the egg will be greatly diminished. And if none of the sperm that were introduced in the day prior managed to fertilize that egg will, then essentially chances are off that there will be fertilization or they're greatly diminished. Rather if they're having intercourse with ejaculation once or twice on the day, prior to ovulation and then a maximal number of times with
Calculation on the day of ovulation, that itself can maximize the probability of fertilization. So what strategy is optimal should couples have as much intercourse with ejaculation on the day prior to ovulation end on the day of ovulation, or should they have intercourse on the day prior to ovulation but not so frequently that it diminishes, the concentration of sperm. And then allows for intercourse with the maximum number of ejaculations. On the day of ovulation, you really hear it both ways and
What this really boils down to is, frankly, that nobody knows. And the reason nobody knows is that there's tremendous variation among males in terms of the absolute concentration of sperm, per milliliter of ejaculate, and the amount of sperm per milliliter, of ejaculate, within a given timeframe. But what everyone agrees on is that a period of abstinence ranging from 48, to 72 hours, prior to an ejaculation increases, the concentration of high quality sperm Within
That first ejaculation occur after the abstinence period. Okay. So again, to reiterate, if one's goal is to fertilize the egg, you want to take into consideration that most often, there's going to be a dramatic decline in the concentration of sperm per ejaculate. Anytime those ejaculations are occurring within a short period of time, say, within 12 to 24 hours of one. Another now, all of this, of course, also relates to the female biology and the extent to which the woman can
precisely identify the day and timing of her ovulation. Some women feel as if and indeed are very accurate at estimating their time of ovulation to within a couple of hours or some women, even report being able to feel their actual ovulation. Whether or not they are feeling the ovulation itself. The, the deployment of the egg or not isn't clear, I certainly would know. I've never produced a eggs nor by ovulated and I'm certainly not going to contest. The idea that women can do that. I mean, it makes sense.
When's that some people have a very keen so-called interoceptive awareness and awareness of the sensory events within their body. And while of course the ovaries are not thought of as an organ that we want to be able to sense what's going on in there. In terms of feel there are sensory endings within the ovary and so the notion that one could literally sense changes within their ovary, including the deployment of the egg is not outside the bounds of reason and in fact, could likely be the case. Now that said,
So there are a number of different ways that women will track their ovulation, one is the temperature method. So they'll actually measure intravaginal temperature. They're looking for changes in temperature that are consistent around the time of ovulation. We're going to have an expert guest on an OBGYN who can tell us a lot more about the details and nuances of the temperature method. You'll see a lot of information about this online but there's a lot of misunderstanding about it as well. Other women will use apps that take into account, either the temperature information if they're acquiring temperature information.
That'll be entered into the app as well as marking the onset of menstruation the onset of bleeding. There for the start of the ovulatory cycle because, of course, as we mentioned earlier, that marks day one of their cycle. And then again, and again, you can see how regularity of cycle duration, or relative regularity a cycle, duration, really favors this whole process of being able to predict when one ovulates and fortunately. If the goal is fertilization, there are some margins for error that are
Just by the fact that the sperm can survive within the female reproductive tract. For some period of days, thereby reducing the need for absolute certainty about the time of ovulation and so on. In fact it's pretty well known that around the time of ovulation. A couple of things happen earlier, we talked about one thing which is there's an increase in libido. Just prior to ovulation this relates to impart an increase in some of the androgens. Things like DHEA, but also testosterone and some
Related androgens that can increase libido, both in males and females and changes to the reproductive pathway. The female in particular, a change in the pH. That is the relative acidity versus basic nature of the mucosal lining near the cervix and also vaginal secretions such that around the time of ovulation, the entire milieu of the vagina and the cervix and the locations in which fertilization can
Occur and certainly in which the sperm are swimming towards the opportunity, for fertilization, is shifted to support, sperm, motility, and health. In other words, the one of the best environments for sperm to survive is going to be within the female reproductive pathway itself. And as long as we're talking about vaginal secretions and mucus, it's important to point out that a number of commercially available. Lubricants can actually be detrimental for sperm Health even if they don't contain spermatocyte. So, this is something that you'll want to discuss with your OB.
YN or certainly, if you're male, you could also discuss this with your urologist and your partner's OBGYN a lot of the commercially available. Lubricant contain chemicals that while they may favorably change the consistency or the viscosity of the vaginal pathway for purposes of intercourse. Certainly may not be the most favorable for maintaining the health of the sperm in the motility of the sperm. So again, here, we're talking about intercourse.
Only in the context of trying to maximize fertilization. And I should mention that there are certain lubricants that are more conducive to the sperm environment, but it's something that you really want to talk to your OBGYN about or at least read up about if your interest is in trying to fertilize and develop an embryo. So we cover the optimal strategies for how often couples should have intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation in order to maximize the probability that successful fertilization and ultimately pregnancy will
Car.
What we haven't covered yet? However is how long couples should apply that method over time in order to achieve successful fertilization and pregnancy. Now of course, if a couple decides that they want to conceive and they apply that method or any other method for instance, and they achieve fertilization, and a successful pregnancy, the very first month that they try, well, then there's no other work to do at least until that child is born. And if and only, if they decide, they want to have more children. However,
However, many couples find that they do not conceive in the first month of trying, even when they apply the optimal methods. And even if their age and every other Factor related to egg quality and sperm quality is optimized. Now, I think it's the rare instance, in which egg quality and sperm quality are optimized. In fact, the word optimal and optimization and optimized is a little bit misleading in general, because no one really knows what that is. But, of course, there is an ideal. There's a perfect standard to, which everyone would like to achieve
But of course, we all enter the picture with genetic variables environmental variables and so forth. Many of which we'll talk about because you can, in fact, adjust them in the direction that you would like to improve sperm, and egg quality. But most people simply will not succeed in achieving a successful. Fertilization, the first month that they try now, there is a truth that governs. How many tries it ought to take in order to achieve successful fertilization and ultimately
Nancy and it's very age-dependent. And in particular its dependent on the age of the mother because the age and quality of the egg while it's not, the only factor is certainly one of the most determining factors in whether or not successful, fertilization occurs, and as women age, the quality of the eggs, tends to diminish over time, largely due to changes in the mitochondrial function and the spindle that pulls the chromosomes apart. Although there could be other factors involved as well. Now before continuing any further, I just want to acknowledge that this hole.
Language around egg, quality, and sperm. Quality is not the greatest language because it's entirely subjective. And yet the word quality in these instances is really there to explain a broad. Variety of factors that can in fact, be measured things like the number of follicles that are deployed each month in a woman's ovulation, or the number of motile sperm or the number of morphologically that is correctly, shaped sperm in the mail, and so forth. So when we talk about egg quality or sperm quality, we're really referring to in
Amalgam of different features related to the different aspects of ovulation leading to successful fertilization or the different aspects of sperm related to whether or not they can arrive in deliver, their DNA, contents and so forth. So I will use the words egg quality, and sperm quality just as general themes because that's what a lot of the clinicians use. But I do understand that it's a little bit of a loaded term in both instances and it doesn't relate to any one specific parameter per se. So getting back to this issue of how long a couple should try it.
Being to the age of the female and perhaps also the age of the male. Well, most of the data that have been collected relate to the age of the females, I mentioned before. And what we're about to discuss is within the scientific literature described as what's called fecund ability, which is the amount of time over, which a given couple needs to attempt to conceive. Course, by having intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation date assumes, that all the other things are being done correctly and what we know
Is that there's a strong age-dependent effect that largely rests on the age of the egg that is of the female. And what we know is that for females, 30 years old or younger, if they have intercourse with ejaculation around the time of ovulation say on the day before and on the day of ovulation and there could be other intercourse with ejaculation around that time as well on average that will result in a successful Fertilization in pregnancy about
Scent of the time on the first month of attempting. The first ovulation cycle. Now, if fertilization and pregnancy occurs great, right? They'll be at least a nine month lag until they decide whether or not they want to try and conceive again. However, most couples, even if the woman is 30 years old, or younger will not successfully conceived on that first attempt and that's because the probability is not 100%, it's 20%. So 80% of the time they simply will not conceive which means that
They hopefully will try again the very next month and if they successfully conceived great. And if they don't then they ought to try again the next month, the next month and so forth. Now the typical advice that an OBGYN would give you is that for a woman, 30 years, or younger, and leaving aside the age of the father. But still assuming that egg quality, and sperm quality are sufficiently high to achieve fertilization that the couple should, or if the
Trying to have kids alone, the woman should attempt to conceive over the period of six months. Why? Well, if you think about it, if there's a 20% chance in the first month and it's unsuccessful. Well, then on the second month, they'll also be a 20% chance on the third month. Also a 20% chance. What I'm describing here is what obviously is independent probabilities that is, if you were to flip a coin and the probability of getting heads is 50%, the probability of getting tails is 50%, of course, you don't expect that the previous
Flip had anything to do with the result that you'll get on the subsequent flip. That's what independent probabilities are. However, when it comes to fecund Ability, we really talking about something which is called cumulative pregnancy rate, which is not really independent probabilities. Now, why would that be? Why would it be that if you did not successfully conceived in the first month of trying that by simply trying again and again, and again, the probability of conceiving would increase. Well, the reason for that is that this whole business of fertilization is not just about what's happening with the egg.
Also, about what's happening with the sperm. So there are a number of different events related to the biology of the egg, in the biology of the sperm, which you are now very familiar with from everything. I've talked about up until now and there are a bunch of chance events, for instance, that the sperm won't actually arrive at the egg in time or that the egg won't arrive at the sperm in time. Because of course, it's a bi-directional migration of those two cell types or that for whatever reason, fertilization won't occur. So what we're really talking about when we talk about the cumulative pregnancy rate over time is the
Fact that there are multiple probabilities at work and yes, those are somewhat independent in the sense that the biology of the sperm doesn't really strictly depend on the biology of the egg, at least not until they meet in fertilized, but the likelihood of pregnancy depends on those independent probabilities, which makes this a cumulative pregnancy rate. Now, if any of that is confusing, what it basically means is that for the egg and the sperm to meet and to fertilize a number of different events that carry some intentionality, right? The sperm swims towards the
And so forth. The egg. We doesn't have a personality in there. At least, not yet, but it quote, unquote wants to be fertilized, right? It is in principle receptive for to fertilization well in order for that to happen, there going to be some events related to chance that could limit the ability for that to happen. And there will be other events dictated by the biology of those two cell types that are driving that event to happen that are biasing the event to yes. Happen. And so what we're talking about when we talk about cumulative, pregnancy rate is how much of the biology
G of the woman is skewed towards fertilization to be likely to occur. Okay, so to make this very simple, all we need to know is that for women, 30 years old or younger, because the probability of getting pregnant, on anyone attempt to conceive is 20%. Well, then if that doesn't occur, the first time then she should simply repeat that at least five and probably six times before deciding to go to an OBGYN and conclude that there's something going on either with the
Or, of course, it could be with the sperm, okay? Because 20 times 5 is 100, so we're talking about cumulative percent. So 20 40, 60, 80, 100, and the six-month there would take you to 120 percent which is a different thing altogether. But in general, that's why OBGYNs will tell their female patients. Look, if you're setting out to conceive, try for about five or six months and if you're not successful, come back and see me now for women who are aged 31 to 33, the probability of conceiving in that,
A month, drops to about 18%. So, women in that age range and their Partners should certainly try and conceive, naturally over a period of six or seven months, in order to get to that hundred percent cumulative probability. And then for women who are aged 34, to 37 the probability of conceiving in that first month of it of trying. And certainly every month thereafter is about 11%. So, when the age of the woman starts extending out to about 34, or 35 years old, then the typical advice of the OBGYN is going to be to
To conceive over a period of about nine months to a year before deciding, to take some sort of medical intervention. And then, of course, as the age of the woman increases, so, too does the quality of the eggs, go down. Now, that's not true. For every woman. There are many women who in their late 30s and 40s and even early 50s have successfully conceived healthy children, although the probability of that, the likelihood of it drops substantially. So, for instance, for women who are aged 38 to 39 the probability,
Of a successful. Conception by natural conception intercourse with ejaculation is going to be about five percent, right? So, it's really dropped to a quarter of what it was when that woman was 30. Again, these are averages only, what does that mean? Well, it means that if you are aged 38 or older chances are that you should probably go to your OBGYN right at the outset of your desire to conceive and ask what you can do to improve egg quality. Otherwise, if you were to extend the math out, right? We know that if your age 30 or
Inger 20% chance in any one given month that means about four to six months of trying. Well, you can simply multiply that times 4 or 5 for someone in their late 30s or early 40s. And so, what you're really talking about is several years of trying and of course, what's happening. During those several years, the woman is getting older. And as a consequence, the quality of the eggs is declining even further. So if you are, you know, 35 36 years old. It might not be entirely unreasonable to talk to your OBGYN right at the outset of Desire.
Owing to conceive. But you could also just take the approach of trying to conceive naturally for about a year or a year and a half people before deciding to do that. Keeping in mind that all the while you can't stop time so biological time and aging is going to occur in the backdrop but hopefully this description of cumulative pregnancy rate makes sense. Again the idea is that while it's true that every single month there's an independent chance of the woman getting pregnant and that chance is dropping from about 20% at age 30.
Overtime to about really one to three percent for women, 40, or older. There's also this notion of cumulative probability, which involves multiple biological events in both the egg and the sperm that have to converge in time and space in order for successful fertilization to occur. As long as we're on this topic, I think it's only fair to address the issue of miscarriage and miscarriages can arise from a variety of sources. They can arise from genetic defects that can arise from issues in the milieu of the uterus that can arise from issues with
I'm for that matter, right? We really don't want to put all the weight and all the responsibility on the egg. This is always an egg sperm Dynamic. And when I say extreme Dynamic, now, hopefully, that calls to mind the huge library of information that we've been covering up until now, about chromosomal segregation in the coming together of these different cell types and their genetic information. Any number of different steps within the process of fertilization leading up to pregnancy can lead to miscarriage? However, the probability of miscarriage, great.
The increases as a function of the age of the egg and the basic numbers on this are that for women who are 35 years or older about 25% of successful fertilizations lead to miscarriages. Now when those miscarriages occur during pregnancy can be highly variable sometimes it's within the first trimester sometimes it could be later but the probability is about 25% that probability increases greatly
Lately over time such that by the time women are in their early 40s. So 40 or older, the probability of miscarriage after a successful fertilization is going to be about fifty percent. And this could be due to a number of factors as I mentioned before. But one common reason is that there can be chromosomal abnormalities and that could be related typically to the segregation of the egg. When half of the chromosomes in that egg or removed, taking it from diploid two haploid. If you recall was that little polar body
Is the removal of the chromosomes, that's a ejected from the egg, that will eventually ovulate. And sometimes not all the chromosomes that are were supposed to be ejected in that polar body are rejected. And as a consequence, there are multiple chromosomes or duplications of chromosomes things, like trisomies sometimes too, many chromosomes move away, and they're actually removal of entire chromosomes, meaning both strands, so that you have chromosomal deletions and in that case, typically fertilization won't occur. But there are instances in which fertilization will occur, so women will get a positive.
Of pregnancy test for periods. Will stop and they the couple will think that they're advancing along the steps to a successful pregnancy and then there will be sadly a miscarriage many many times. Those miscarriages are the consequence of the fact that when there are extra chromosomes there or there are too few chromosomes present that embryogenesis can simply not progress in a healthy way. There are some instances in which all of the chromosomes and all the chromosomal rearrangements
Are perfectly normal and miscarriages can still occur. I'm going to do a future episode about pregnancy and embryonic development where we will get into this more deeply. But just understand that the frequency of miscarriages increases dramatically after about age, 34 and then continues to increase dramatically extending well out until the 40s. Now very important consideration in terms of understanding and predicting fertility and fecund ability this word that describes the probability of
Of getting pregnant on a given try and overtime is trying to address how quote-unquote fertile a woman is and importantly, how quote-unquote fertile a male is and we'll talk about the male side in a moment, but when trying to address, how fertile a woman is, of course, age is going to be one of the major factors but just one factor, right? We already talked about how a judge determines the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. If the
Horse and ejaculation is being carried out at the correct times and with viable, sperm, capable of fertilizing eggs. And then, of course, there's the issue of egg quality. But in general, most women would like to know how fertile they are as a function of their age. And I actually think this is one of the most important topics in this whole Space around fertility that isn't often discussed or at least isn't often discussed until women are in their late 30s or 40s. When often times, they will look back.
Back and wish that either, they had Frozen their eggs or they had Frozen fertilized embryos, which is a whole thing unto itself. Let me talk about that when we have an episode on in vitro fertilization, in more depth but there is a fairly straightforward way or set of ways that women can determine their basic level of fertility leaving aside. A lot of the detailed issues about the quality of eggs and so forth. One thing that you already learned is that there's this Vault there's this Reserve that we call the ovarian reserve and that each
Each month. A certain number of follicles leave that reserve. And there's the opportunity based on the ovulation of a single egg to fertilize that egg and for the woman to get pregnant. And one thing that we know for sure is that the size of the population, that's released from that Vault, each month has a very strong positive correlation with the size of the reserve in the vault itself, okay? So, the way to think about this perhaps is that
At the vault is like a bank account, has a certain amount of money and this case eggs in it and you could imagine if someone's reasonably logical that if they have more money in their bank account than they're going to withdraw a larger amount each month than if they have a small amount each month. If the idea is to make that Vault, that bank of eggs,
Available to them over the longest period of time. And indeed biology is pretty smart. It doesn't deploy or release. You know, half the follicles in one month and then just slowly trickle out the remainder of follicles. No, that's not how it works. What you find is that, of course in younger women. So it's a in their late, teens 20s and 30s. The ovarian reserve in the vault is going to have more eggs in it. And the number of follicles and eggs that leave that Vault each month is going to be quite high. So, one way
Evaluate how quote-unquote fertile you are. Again, just one way, is to go to your OB/GYN and say that you would like to know how many follicles you have in a given month and of course they'll look at them on both sides and both ovaries. And for instance, if a woman has, you know, just two or three follicles that are out each month. Well, then the Assumption again, it's just an assumption, but the Assumption, that's pretty good because there is this positive correlation that generally occurs. Is that that
Ovarian reserve that the number of eggs in the vault is fairly low, compared to someone who say has 20 follicles or 30 follicles each month, okay? And that's the typical Trend. Again, these are averages and it's very important to not get attached to any one number here, again, these are averages. So for instance, there are women, who only deploy five follicles and eggs each month from out of their ovarian V. But who find themselves to be very fertile. And there could be a number of different factors to explain that other women will have
Thirty eggs and follicles, that leave that Vault, the ovarian reserve each month and they will have a harder time getting pregnant for any number of different reasons. But in general, the more eggs and follicles that leave the Vault. Each month, the higher number of eggs that are still in reserve. Meaning the greater amount of time over, which a given woman could still attempt to have successful fertilizations. Now, this small collection of follicles and eggs that are released each month, actually has a name. They're called antral follicles. These are small follicles. They tend to be about
Out to 29. Mm, across the way these are analyzed or measured is woman will go into the OBGYN office and by ultrasound typically is there some local anesthesia but it's not often a general anesthesia by local anesthesia or sometimes. No anesthesia, they will essentially count the number of follicles that are present in each side on over, on the left, in the ovary, on the right and give a woman some sense of how many follicle she has and typically this is done over a series of months to determine how many
Are
leaving the ovarian reserve each month and therefore how many eggs she is likely to still have in the ovarian reserve. Now there's a non-invasive way to do this as well. Although typically an OBGYN will do both. What? I just described with ultrasound and measure something called am H, which is anti-mullerian hormone which is a hormone that is released by that antral. Follicle population, the population of follicles and eggs to that leave the ovarian reserve each month. So one is a blood draw measure of a hormone.
Aah. The other is a structural Imaging, measure of the antral follicles directly again, the typical trend is for the number of antral follicles to decline over time. So one might expect for instance, that a woman in her 20s or 30s might have 20 30, maybe even 40, antral, follicles that are exiting, the reserve each month. And again, that's the total across both ovaries. Again, these are just averages. These are gonna be distributions. There will be people with far fewer. There will be people with far more but that over time.
Regardless of where woman starts out from one decade to the next half, decade and decade. And so on that, the number of antral, follicles will Decline and the amount of or the levels of amh will also decline. So what does this all mean? What this means is that if you are a woman who is in her 20s or 30s or 40s, whatever your age, if you are interested in conceiving in the future it's very likely. A good idea to go to your OB/GYN
Run and get either your amh levels measured or your follicle count measured and to do that several times in a given period. And I don't mean a menstrual period. I mean given period of time across several months to determine what is the average number of follicles? What's your average amh level? There by giving you some window into how many eggs you are likely to still have in your ovarian reserve? I cannot tell you how many women that I've spoken to and how many OBGYNs more importantly because they speak to many more women about this than I ever.
Have or ever will wish that they had done this earlier, right? They think, oh well then I'm in my 20s. So I'm likely to have a ton of follicles or they got pregnant once before and so, they're not so concerned about the number of follicles or their amh levels but over and over again. I was told in researching for this episode that the earlier and more frequent that women do this procedure of measuring amh and measuring their follicle count the higher, the probability that they will eventually have a successful fertilization and pregnancy when they seek to do so
Now, the mirror image of all this, of course, is the sperm. And, you know, there's a kind of common misconception out there that, you know, the sperm, you only need one and indeed, you only need one, but actually you need many and it's only one that's able to successfully fertilize the egg. So this whole concept of you only need one is both dismissive of the sperm. But more importantly dismissive of the biology of the sperm and the Egg. We had only takes one successful sperm, and one successful egg that sort of
Telling a woman hey you only need one egg, right? You need one egg of sufficient quality in the right time and place and you need one sperm of sufficient quality in the right time and place in order to get successful fertilization and hopefully pregnancy. But you need a lot of sperm in order to get a high probability that that one sperm will be able to successfully fertilize the egg. So, we have this image of sperm, is kind of these dumb operators that just sort of swim.
Mindlessly towards anything. And if they bump into an egg, then they fertilize the egg and that's really not the way it works. As I talked about earlier the sperm with its head, its major region as tail chock-a-block with mitochondria in the mid region is really an active motile so that indeed will just swim forward if it's a healthy forward, progressing sperm. But you many males out there just simply do not have any knowledge of how many quality sperm that they happen to have. Now, given the fact that sperm analysis is relatively inexpensive.
Expensive. And also the fact that freezing sperm is relatively inexpensive, think it stands to reason that most men should at least get some window into the number and quality of their sperm. Now, it's a fair assumption to say that if someone is in their late teens, early twenties or thirties, that they probably have high quality sperm. But again, as with the egg and the importance of measuring amh and follicle count across time, men should really evaluate the quality and number of their sperm. And we talked a little bit earlier about
some of the parameters that urologists and OBGYNs like to see when evaluating sperm, right? You know there's a minimum number or concentration of sperm that they'd like to see if a couple is going to use IVF in vitro fertilization and typically that's going to be about 15 to 20 million per mil of sperm or semen. And typically they want to see somewhere between 2 and 5 ml of semen, overall in a given ejaculate, after a 72 to 48 hour abstinence period. Because of course
The
more Jack Elations, the smaller the volume of the ejaculate in a short period of time. But after 48 to 72 hours, you more or less, maximize the volume of ejaculate. And then of course, they want to see 50 but typically 60 percent or more of motile sperm in order to get IVF, but it more is better. And of course, there is an enormous range. As I mentioned before, some males will have anywhere from 10 to 20 million sperm per milliliter of ejaculate and some
Then we'll have 100 to 200 million, okay? But just because they have 100 to 200 million. Doesn't mean that all of those sperm are of high quality and can fertilize eggs sometimes, the more than half will be twitchers and some will be a motile and so on and so forth. So it's very straightforward. What I believe most people should do and what the urologist, I spoke to an advance of this episode, it said to do, which is to Simply do a sperm analysis, refrain from ejaculation for 48 to 72 hours. Give a sperm sample. Have that sperm sample.
Used the cost of the sperm analysis is not typically that much, okay, and considering that conception and healthy conception, and fertilization is an expensive process. If you have to go the in vitro fertilization root, it stands to reason that the cost is pretty well Justified. You also have the option to freeze sperm over time. There is evidence that the age of the father and therefore, the age of the sperm can dictate whether or not, there's a higher instance of
Problematic pregnancy or developmental outcomes including autism. That is true. You probably heard that if the father is 40 years or older, the incidence of autism is increased significantly. That is true although the overall
Probability of having an autistic Offspring, if somebody, if the father that is is 40 years or older is still quite a bit lower than you would imagine. It's not as if the probability suddenly skyrockets. Okay. So that we will have an episode on autism and genetic and non-genetic, influences on autism and other aspects of the autism spectrum. But the point is this,
I believe and the urologist. I spoke to who are interested in fertility and male health and Sexual Health suggests that men get their sperm analyzed at least once every five years and certainly if they're going to want to conceive children in the distant future that they consider freezing their sperm, because that too is fairly nominal cost in order to freeze sperm at a younger age. And, of course, if you can freeze and use sperm from the time in which you were younger, why wouldn't you right? I mean, you can still opted to go for
Natural pregnancy later, if that's what you want to do. But having that in reserve, is generally a good idea. And I discussed some of the parameters that are that are looked for. And perhaps, most importantly, there is the possibility of an underlying issue whereby. For instance, there is very little sperm in and ejaculate, as I mentioned earlier, the seminal fluid in the ejaculate could have zero sperm in it, but the volume of ejaculate could appear completely normal. So just because your ejaculate volume is normal to you.
Or is in that range of, you know, 225 ml. Well then, it doesn't necessarily mean that there are any sperm there or that. There are very few sperm there and the few sperm that are there, where the many sperm there, there are functionally motile, so get this analyzed, it's really worth doing and again, it's not something you have to do every year. It's something that you want to do probably every five years at least until the point where you've conceived as many children as you ever want to conceive. So the basic takeaway here is that if you're a woman to get your egg count, your antral.
Count that is and therefore your reserve of eggs, indirectly measured. And of course also get your amh levels measured. And if you're a male to have a sperm analysis and to do that relatively early, in fact, another incentive for doing that early is that you have a comparison point. So that for instance, if you are in your early 20s and you're not thinking about having kids at all or you're thinking that you might someday have kids, but it's a really someday someday far off in the future. Well, it's wonderful to have a reference point from which to compare your biology in your early 20s.
To your biology in your mid or late 30s or 40s when you might happen to be interested in conceiving and if that doesn't provide incentive enough I should mention and this is important to point out and then I think both males and females are not aware of, is that one in five, couples that have issues with fertility, the issue ends up falling on the biology that is the quality of the sperm, or a lack of number of sperm. So, you know, I think there's a misconception that when
Fertility is an issue. It's always an issue with the eggs and this age-dependent decline in egg quality, again, it's the best language we have available to us at the moment. This age-dependent decline in egg quality, is often to blame, but not always one in five, couples that have challenges conceiving. Turns out that it's gonna be an issue with the sperm. And of course, there are a number of different sperm analyses that should all the other parameters of sperm appear normal. Now, for instance, you can get a DNA fragmentation analysis. You can see whether or not the DNA of the sperm
or somehow disrupted urologist. These days are excellent at figuring out, for instance, if a male has lots and lots of sperm, everything looks great, but the shape of the head of the sperm isn't quite right. If it's not oval enough and it's too rounded, that could be a genetic defect under which conditions there is zero probability of the male ever naturally conceiving, right? Regardless of who, the female partner is, Believe It or Not, males can have a ton of sperm, but if they carry a certain genetic defect,
Those sperm will be incapable of depositing, those 23 chromosomes into the egg. However, there are ways in which, that sperm can be coaxed or Force to fertilize the egg and deposit. Its genetic contents by in vitro fertilization and then implantation into the female. So, again, lots of reasons to have a egg Reserve analysis by ultrasound and amh for females. And lots of reasons for males to have a sperm analysis. And of course, typically with a sperm analysis and a ovarian reserve,
Reserve analysis will be a hormone analysis and I'm a very strong believer in people getting in Insight. That is a window into their hormonal composition, not just when they encounter problems, but starting at a pretty early age, even if it's only done, once every five years or so. Having a reference point to your 20s and to your 30s and mid-30s for, when you felt a certain way, may be as in the case for many people, I know they actually feel better in their 40s than they did in their 20s because they're doing a lot of things to support their health. That is
But in many cases people start feeling not as well or their fertility seems to be dropping off or any number of different parameters that we've discussed today, or related to vitality and Longevity seem to be dropping off over time. And they want to get a insight into what could be the issue in hormones are. Sometimes not always, but sometimes involved in those, underlying issues, and there's nothing as valuable as having a reference point from a time, in which things were going well to evaluate. The, for instance, the levels of hormones, not just two,
Stas tirone, but also estrogen and progesterone and so forth. So you need a comparison point in order to determine what really needs to be changed. So all of this is a strong push for people to use your insurance. If you're able to put it on insurance, often times, people are. And if not to try and find a reasonable or reasonably priced way to do a sperm, and egg analysis, and to ideally do a hormone analysis as well. It's really going to set you up for the maximum probability of being able to conceive children when
Want to and also to avoid a bunch of other health related issues that are involved hormones and reproductive health and in general to support your mental health and physical health. So I've been talking about a bunch of things to do. There are a couple of things to be mindful of to actively avoid. If your goal is to be and remain fertile and that's regardless of whether or not you want to conceive children in the future or not. Now in the context of this discussion, the same things that we've heard to be true for other aspects of our health. Turn out to
Also be true. So let's just start with the basics. Everybody should be getting approximately six to eight hours of sleep every night that should be quality sleep. Optimizing your sleep is fundamental to balancing your hormones. Now balancing, your hormones is kind of a catch phrase for all things related to proper hormone regulation. Sleep is the fundamental layer of mental health, physical health, and performance of all kinds, and believe or not fertility. When people are not sleeping well or enough stress hormones, in particular cortisol,
Shift to peaking later in the day and those elevated. Cortisol levels later in the day cause a bunch of different problems in both males and females, many of which impact fertility. So, controlling cortisol starts with controlling your sleep. It also impacts testosterone and estrogen levels. So of course, the proper ratios of testosterone and estrogen will vary from males to females. But in order to get those right or as right as they can be, without other interventions, you want to make sure you're getting enough quality sleep. How much sleep most people need?
About 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night waking up once, maybe twice per night in the middle of the night, and going back to sleep, is not such a big deal, but six to eight hours of solid sleep would be ideal. Some people need a little bit less in order to function, you know, five hours. Some people need a little bit more, developing teenagers and babies, and kids need a lot more people who are sick or recovering from injury, need a lot more. We've done multiple episodes on sleep. We have a toolkit for Sleep available. Free at huberman live.com. You go. There. You don't even have to sign up for the newsletter although, you can. If you want just go to toolkit for sleep under the menu.
And you'll be able to download that or you can even just viewed on the screen. If you don't want to download, it has lots of tools. We've done an episode called perfect, your sleep, that has a lot of tools. They're all time-stamped for you've done a master, your sleep episodes, a lots of tools to get your sleep. I get your sleep right. If you are wishing to conceive and or to Simply have healthy biology to be fertile or otherwise, it's just fundamental. Now, there are other things to not do and those again fall into the somewhat obvious categories. But I think a lot of people
aren't aware of just how striking an effect these certain behaviors that you want to avoid can have in diminishing, your fertility for both males and females. So let's talk about those. So the first one is smoking. And when we talk about smoking here, we're talking about smoking nicotine and we're talking about smoking cannabis and indeed, there are strong data and I will put a reference to one of the better larger analysis of these data. They're strong data showing that cannabis reduces fertility. Now, I can already hear the screams from the back although there probably
Lee fairly drawled out screams from the back of people saying they smoke cannabis and they had no trouble conceiving. Certainly there will be exceptions but whether or not you're male or female smoking cannabis, is a bad idea. If you want to conceive a healthy child, can you still conceive a healthy child while smoking cannabis probably certain people can many people will greatly decrease, the probability of a healthy fertilization and pregnancy by smoking cannabis, there are excellent data to support that
As well. Nicotine, both smoked or Vaped is going to disrupt the process of fertilization and can disrupt pregnancy dramatically. Okay, so just avoid it. Altogether, how does this happen? Well, it turns out that smoking increases what are called, reactive oxygen species, this greatly disrupts, the quality of the egg at the level of the spindle in mitochondria and a number of other features. And in the sperm turns out that smoking doesn't necessarily disrupt the sperm directly, although it can cause DNA.
Station, which can cause all sorts of abnormalities can prevent fertilization can lead to birth defects in The Offspring. But more importantly, it increases what are called reactive oxygen species? In the seminal fluid in the semen that contain the sperm. This very under normal circumstances under healthy circumstances, beautifully orchestrated chemistry of fluid that allows a sperm to thrive in their trajectory, an attempt to fertilize the egg and lead to a healthy pregnancy. So, if you are a smoker and you want,
Conceive. The best advice I can give you is to quit smoking and yes that includes cannabis as well. Now I'm not somebody who believes that cannabis across the board is not useful, there are medical applications and other applications. I talked about that in an episode all about cannabis for health and disease and notice Health was in there too. So you cannabis smokers, don't come after me with, I guess whatever it is with bongs and pipes or whatever it is that you want or with Vapes. The point is that while it can be beneficial for certain populations. It's certainly bad for others.
And if you're trying to conceive, it is bad for fertility and for a healthy pregnancy, okay? Now that's smoking and vaping by the way, okay, vaping is included there. Now, the next category of don't relates to alcohol. Now, everyone is heard that drinking during pregnancy is a bad idea. You may have heard in some people have talked about the fact that there are cultures in which they allow, if you will, or even condone. Sadly one or two drinks, while pregnant provided,
Just champagne or something of that. Sort, that is a terrible idea. I did an episode all about alcohol, both its potential health effects of which their turn out to be 0. And yes, that includes red wine. It is far better to not drink at all and if you're going to drink the limit, if you're a healthy adult who's not trying to conceive, not pregnant and you don't have issues with alcoholism is probably two drinks per week. Total. That's right. Two drinks per week, total, and that's the level that you really should consider if you're a drinker, if you're somebody who's trying to
Sieve, however, for a woman who becomes pregnant, the total number of drinks that you should allow yourself per week while pregnant and breastfeeding is indeed 0. There is absolutely no evidence that one can quote unquote get away with drinking during pregnancy. And people say, well, I had a perfectly healthy child but you of course you don't know what the health of that child would have been. Had you not drink at all. Now, I'm not here with any generally, strong stance against alcohol. I myself am somebody who has a drink? Every? Once in a while, although I don't consider myself.
But who has a strong proclivity for alcohol. And of course, I'm at this moment, I'm not trying to conceive children and certainly not pregnant, so that's safe for me. But frankly, I haven't had a drink in a little, very long time and so I don't miss it and that's me, but I do realize that a lot of people enjoy alcohol. And so it's that two drinks per week, limit that really sets the upper limit and threshold Beyond, which you start running into issues, with cellular mutation, you start running into issues of oxidative stress.
Greatly increase cancer risk. In particular breast cancer risk. All that's covered in the alcohol. Episode that we did. You can find it huberman, lab.com and time-stamped if you want to navigate to specific topics and so forth, find out all about the data supporting the statements that I'm making so on and so forth. Now, if you're somebody who's seeking to conceive or you fall into this category, that some couples describe themselves as we're not trying, but we're not not trying meaning, they're not using birth control their kind of letting chance run. Its course. Well then you should definitely be
Are of the data showing that even just one bout, one bout of so-called binge drinking, which is five to six drinks in a given night or half day in a 12-hour period. One bout of five to six drinks. If you're a woman or you're a man greatly increases, both the likelihood of mutations in the embryo, that would result from a fertilization. And at the same time for reasons, that should be obvious to you based on all the biology we've talked about a
Greatly reduced probability of fertilization. Now that absolutely does not mean that you should use the ingestion of five or six drinks as a method of birth control. That is not what I'm saying here. What I'm saying is is that if you go out on a given night and you have five or six drinks and you happen to become pregnant, the probability that that pregnancy will be disrupted in some way is greatly increased. What the exact consequences are? No one can tell you but also if you're somebody who is interested in
Conceiving a child. Well then you absolutely should abstain from ingesting drinks, more than one or two during the time in which you're trying to conceive. And ideally it would be 0 and you certainly would want to avoid drinking multiple drinks per night. And so this idea of going out and having, you know, three or four drinks or four or five drinks in a given night at a time in which you're also trying to conceive children. The biology tells us the epidemiology tells us that this is just a terrible idea. It's going to reduce
Zeus, the likelihood of fertility and successful pregnancy. And if there is a successful pregnancy, the word success needs to be in quotes, right? I mean, I think every parent, every species for that matter wants to increase the probability of having healthy Offspring. And so to my mind anyway, and to the OBGYNs in the urologist that are focused on fertility, that I spoke to everyone will say, try as hard as you can, to avoid these so-called binge drinking episodes. And again, these episodes are one night of
Five to six drinks. Now, another important thing to remember in this context, is that the negative effects of consuming five or six drinks in a given night, extend over many weeks following the ingestion of that? Alcohol. If you're a male, what that means is that's going to impact the quality of your sperm and greatly decrease, the likelihood of successful fertilization and or healthy pregnancy over the period of that entire spermatogenesis window which is
As we talked about before, 60 to 90 days, right? 60 to generate the sperm. And then in some additional time for the sperm to be transported to the point where they could be ejaculated,
if you're a woman and you
have five or six drinks on a given night, well, then you are going to disrupt the quality, not of just the egg that eventually ovulates. But indeed the entire pool of follicles that leaves the ovarian V in reserve and from which the one egg will be selected. In other words, you are reducing the quality of all of the eggs.
You
happen to deploy that month. Now, some of you who were really following the biology earlier might say what if I have those five or six drinks during the time in which I'm menstruating just in which there's bleeding present and therefore I haven't yet ovulated. Ah but if you remember the biology we talked about earlier specifically there is a subset of follicles and eggs that leave that ovarian reserve quite a bit before that one egg is selected for an ovulates and of course there are all the different hormonal Cascade
AIDS in the general milieu of the ovary which are important and are being regulated by different hormones. And yes, indeed the regulation of those hormones is strongly impacted by alcohol, through a number of different pathways through the regulation of the neurotransmitter Gaba up in the brain. It's actually a lot of Gaba and Gaba receptors in the hypothalamus. The very region from which gonadotropin-releasing hormone, our old friend from couple hours ago in this discussion, good to disrupt GnRH secretion you can disrupt pituitary function with alcohol again. And again, what we're
Is that consuming more than one or two drinks per week of alcohol, is really detrimental to the entire process of fertility and the entire process of healthy pregnancy. And that's true from both the male side and the sperm and is true from the female side and the Egg. So, my simple advice on this is, if you are wishing to have a healthy fertilization and pregnancy, the best thing to do would be to avoid alcohol altogether. And if you're going to drink to really limit that drinking to one or two drinks per week maximum,
So those are the major don'ts, really avoid excessive stress and I should mention. Excessive stress is not just best avoided by getting enough quality sleep at night. Although that is the primary way there are other ways to avoid stress. We've done in Tyre episodes about this, and we have a toolkit related to reducing stress with very simple. Zero cost tools. Again, you can find all that huberman live.com. Now, I should mention if you want to find any episode or topic or timestamp that website is keyword search available so you can just go to human live.com, put into the search function stress tools and
Bunch of different links will pop-up related to those topics likewise with sleep likewise with any number of different topics you might be interested in. So get enough quality sleep, and thereby reduce stress and also directly buffer stress with real-time tools to buffer stress that I've talked about in the episodes that you can access. And there are ways to greatly reduce your overall level of stress to limit any cortisol, that's released too early in the day, which is when you want cortisol release and not have it late in the day and so on and so forth. So reduce your stress and
And as I just told you by all means do not drink more than two drinks per week, and zero is better than two. If anyone tells you, oh, there's, you know, all this Resveratrol in red wine and that's good for us. The data, simply tell us that there's not enough Resveratrol and red wine to really have any positive health. Benefit the data around Resveratrol, and health benefits itself is under question. Nowadays, zero alcohol is better than any alcohol. Two drinks per week is the limit also limit or eliminate
Or avoid nicotine and ideally cannabis smoking and vaping at the time in which you are trying to get pregnant and certainly, if you are pregnant, avoid all of the things as best you can. That I just described a moment ago. Now, there are a couple other don'ts that are really important. One of the most important don'ts relates to STIs or sexually transmitted infections, everyone who sexually active should get an STI check. In fact, if you go to a fertility clinic or you go for sperm analysis, or you go for egg analysis, almost always, they will.
Will do an STI check, even if you happen to be in a monogamous relationship, even if you happen to be not sexually active in, your somebody who's seeking to use IVF with a sperm donor, or something of that sort. Why would they do that? Why why is there so much concern about that? Is it about avoiding giving birth to a child that has something like a herpes infection or something or HIV? Well, certainly, that's one reason, but that's a Down the Line reason because at the time when someone goes into the clinic for one of these sperm or egg analyses and that's well in advance of any pregnancy, right? The
Is there are a number of STIs in particular chlamydia for which it greatly increases, the probability of miscarriage. So, chlamydia is one of those very Insidious and cryptic STIs because a lot of people both males and females don't even realize that they have chlamydia. And then they can carry chlamydia at the time in which they can see, even then that can lead to ectopic pregnancies, and or miscarriages. So, by all means get an STI check. If you are somebody who is seeking to conceive children or evaluating your fertility generally?
A chlamydia can also have damaging effects on the epididymis and on the various other aspects of male reproductive Health. In the future, we will do an episode all about sexual health. This is not the time for that but get an STI check. If your goal is to conceive a healthy child. Now the other thing that can have a very negative impact on fertility and healthy pregnancy is a viral infection. Now, for instance, if a male has had a severe viral illness and this could be any number of different viral illnesses from flu, too cold or any number of different viruses. Pick your
Virus
in the previous 70 to 90 days, that can greatly diminish, the number and or quality of sperm, okay? So that's really important. This is also important if you're going to go in and do a sperm analysis and you had a viral infection in the previous 70 to 90 days, well then you need to be aware of that because it could greatly impact, the parameters of that sperm analysis. Likewise for women. If you've had a serious viral infection in the previous 30 days, does that mean you should not try and conceived not necessarily, but you should talk to your OBGYN about
Out that there are data showing that viral infection in particular of influenza in the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy has some correlation. It's not 100% but some correlation with negative mental health outcomes of The Offspring sometime later including schizophrenia. This is some of the work that was done at Caltech a number of years ago and other Laboratories as well. Those data are still being built up over time again, it's not one for one, it's not causal. So if you did get an
Our a cold or other kind of viral infection during the first trimester, or any trimester of pregnancy. I don't want to cause alarm, but you should talk to your OBGYN about this. The goal, of course, is to avoid viral illness at any time when you're trying to conceive or have a healthy pregnancy, but of course, sometimes people will get ill and the children can turn out to be perfectly normal and fine, but it is something that you want to avoid, and it will impact your egg analysis, and it will impact sperm analysis. And one thing I found really surprising and researching this episode was that,
One in 25 men carry a copy of a mutation for Cystic Fibrosis now some of you are probably familiar with cystic fibrosis as a condition that can cause issues with the long as the accumulation of fluid in the lungs or other tissues cystic fibrosis. In order to express that way of accumulation of fluid in the lungs you really need two copies right? You need to mutant copies or you need two copies of the cystic fibrosis. Gene 1 in 25 men will carry just one.
One copy and therefore will not have any symptoms of cystic fibrosis, but those one in 25 men will have defects in the architecture of the vas deferens the duct through which the ejaculate needs to pass in order to eventually be ejaculated out of the urethra. And so what that means is that these men can have what appears to be normal semen volume, but that they won't have normal numbers of sperm. And that's not because of a deficit and making the
In the testes can function just fine the brain and the pituitary communicating with the testes. Just fine. But that literally the passageway by which those sperm arrive within the seminal fluid and it eventually ejaculated is disrupted by the cystic fibrosis. Gene luckily if somebody has just one copy the cystic fibrosis Gene and their mail and this is the issue. The vas deferens either can be repaired by a urologist, who's expert in the surgical repair vas deferens or sperm can be extracted from the testicle.
Which might sound like a painful procedure, but I believe nowadays in talking with various experts on this turns out that, it can be done with a minimum of discomfort and certainly, if the goal is to have a healthy child, you're going to need those sperm. So you're going to want to get them one way or the other regardless of the discomfort. Now, before getting into, some of the things that you can do in the positive sense to increase your fertility, we do need to touch on just a few other things that you want to avoid in order to avoid diminishing, your fertility, and this mainly relates to males, but it will also be relevant to females.
And of course, when I say, also relevant to females, I'm referring to the fact that if it's a woman in a man who are trying to conceive, then she, of course, is going to be interested in her egg quality, but also the sperm quality. And of course, there are women who are conceiving by way of sperm donor through IVF or IUI or otherwise. But in any case, the need to understand and maximize the quality of both, the egg and the sperm is Paramount. So, in order for men, to maximize the quality of their sperm, as I mentioned earlier, does not seem to
Be a big difference whether or not they use boxers or briefs, or whether or not they quote unquote, go commando. They don't wear any boxers or briefs of any kind. However, it is important to keep the testicles cool enough. They need to be about two degrees cooler than the rest of the body. And there are number of different ways to do that. As I mentioned before, avoid going in hot tubs During the period in which you're trying to conceive children. You should also avoid going in saunas During the period in which you are trying to conceive children. And if you do go in the sauna you can
Bring an ice pack there and you can put it on the testicles, in order to offset the heat of the sauna, and keep the testicles cool while in the sauna. The other thing that you'll definitely want to do is avoid putting a laptop or any other hot device directly onto your lap. There are a number of different
devices that you can put on your lap. You could put books or a box or their these devices that are designed to dispel the heat from the laptop. I would say, if you're trying to conceive just keep the laptop off of your lap, just put it on a table or standing desk or whatever just keep it off of your lap. Also, there are some really interesting data showing that the amount of time that men spent sitting regardless of whether or not they sit with their ankle on their opposite knee or with knees spread, you know, the classic man spread stance or, or any other kind of
Did stance is going to increase the temperature of the scrotum for reasons that are somewhat obvious. If you think about the architecture of all this, I think both men and women, if you put enough thought to it, you oh, yeah, that would increase the temperature. Obviously, avoid seat, heaters and cars are otherwise, but reducing the total amount of time that you spend seated is really important. If you want to keep the temperature, milieu of the scrotum optimal for sperm quality and fertilization. And as I mentioned earlier, it's going to be important to make sure that
That your legs are not really big to the point where they are creating a hotter than is healthy environment for the scrotum and testicles. So a hotter than normal environment or the testicles can be caused by legs. That are very large upper thighs that are very large due to obesity or due to those upper thighs being too muscular. So by all means don't skip leg day, but be aware that if you're somebody who's trying to conceive, you want to do, whatever you can to reduce the temperature of the scrotum, or at least not let it get
Hot for too long so I can think of all sorts of reasons now that men are going to come up with to do the man. Spread stance of their knees really far apart even further if they have large legs, it's not a discussion. We want to have here and that's not really what today's discussion is about. Really the principle is what's most important which is to keep the temperature of the scrotum and testicles lower than the rest of your body. There's a direct blood flow from the body to the testicle, that provides blood flow. It's designed in a way.
Way that that blood pathway should be outside the body and as far away from the body as possible, in order to get the temperature milieu of the scrotum and testicles correct for healthy sperm quality. Now a topic that is sure to be a bit controversial but it really shouldn't be because the data at least to me are very clear is this issue of phone? Use and sperm quality. Now, this can open up a whole array of issues related to things like emfs and you've got people out there that have, you know,
Ideas about 5 G and all of this stuff that is not what this discussion is about the discussion. I'm about to have with you relates to the fact that the electromagnetic fields and the heat related effects of smartphones can indeed have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. And yes, indeed on testosterone levels, as well. I'm going to refer you to a paper. We will link it in the show notes captions, the title of this paper is effects of mobile. Phone usage, on sperm quality. No time. Dependent relationship on usage.
Zh a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. There's a paper that came out in 2021 and talks about the fact that phones emit, a radiofrequency, electromagnetic waves, which are called called RF radio frequency. EMW electromagnetic waves at a low level between 80 and to 2200 megahertz that can be absorbed by the human body. We know this. Okay. This is not controversial and have potential adverse effects on brain. Heart endocrine system and reproductive function that has been established. Keep in mind, there is
Basically no controversy that radio frequency waves and EMS can have a negative impact on biological tissues. The question is, how intense are those radio, frequency waves and EMS and how detrimental are those on those biological tissues? Okay it's a matter of degrees but there is very little controversy as to whether or not they have an effect on biological tissues and I'm aware of absolutely zero data showing that they can have a positive effect on biological tissues since what were mainly talking about now, our smartphones, we want to separate
Out the heat effects of smartphones from the imf's related to the fact that they are Wi-Fi smart phones, or they're using cellular towers and Wi-Fi one or the other combination, okay? So there are number of different things in the phone that could be detrimental. We need to separate those out why? Well, because you might have heard that carrying your phone in, your pocket can reduce your testosterone levels and sperm count. And guess what? That is true. The data contained within this meta analyses and other meta-analyses clearly point out that it can produce sperm.
Count and maybe testosterone levels significantly but certainly sperm count and motility significantly. It reduces sperm quality. So should you avoid putting your phone in your pocket? You're certainly your front pocket. I would suggest. Yes. Right. If you are somebody who is seeking to conceive, right? I'm not somebody who is going to stop using my smartphone. I don't expect any one's gonna stop using their smartphone. The question is, should you carry in your front pocket? If you're a male, I think to be on the safe side. The answer is probably avoid doing that too much of the time. Ideally
We don't do it at all, then people will say, well, what if I turn off the Wi-Fi or I turn off the seller access then, is it still a problem? Well, it's a problem due to the heat related effects and then people say, well, I don't actually feel the heat of the phone, it doesn't get that warm but the temperature effects of the phone, it turns out our enough even under conditions in which people don't report it to be uncomfortably warm, that it can change the temperature, milieu of the testicle in ways that can diminish.
Sperm quality. How much and how that relates to fertility and healthy pregnancy. Not clear. But since we're talking about things to avoid, if your goal is to have a healthy fertilization and pregnancy, well then by all means, just don't carry it. In your front pocket, then people say well, what about back pocket? Or what about backpack? Look, it's very clear that avoiding being too close to the phone is probably better for your sperm quality. Then putting the phone, very close to your testicles or anywhere else on your body, but it's also the reality.
That most people are going to carry a phone nowadays, all right. It's just the reality. I think. All I think the current estimates and is discussed in this paper that 90% of the human population has a smartphone 90%, which is incredible. The adult population, of course, although a lot of kids have them as well. So this paper goes on to detail a number of different studies and out comes from studies. But basically what they find and here I'm paraphrasing. Is that the data indicate that sperm quality declines when people start using a mobile phone? So, from the point they start using a mobile phone regarding
Carlos of the usage time. This is important used to be thought that it was four hours a day or more of holding your phone or having that phone close to your body was going to diminish sperm quality. It turns out that it's not related to use of chime, that's even the title of the paper. It's just the fact that people are using mobile phones is reducing sperm count and quality. That's the reality. Is it entirely responsible for all the reductions in sperm quality? And maybe even the reductions in testosterone levels that we are observing from decade to decade going forward. I doubt that's the case. Is it like
Lee to be one of the major players I've got my bet on the fact that it is based on the data that I've observed. And so if any of you would like to peruse the data in this meta-analysis, they're quite good. This study looked at 18 studies include 4280 samples. They were able to separate out the radio frequency versus the Heat effects and they were able to eliminate this time of usage. Variable that previously. We thought, if you were exposed to a lot of cell phone contact that, it was far worse than if you were supposed to a
It turns out if you're exposed to any at all, you're going to diminish sperm quality. What does that mean? Does that mean that no matter what you do, if you own a smartphone that you're going to diminish sperm quality? I think the short answer is yes, but that you can mitigate it. What might you do? Well, keeping your phone away from your groin, or as far from your groin as possible. If you're a male who's wishing to conceive and maybe even a male who's wishing to maximize this testosterone levels because it does appear that radio frequency waves and the heat from the phone. So both of those factors independently and together, of course,
Disrupt, the lytic cells of the testes and the production of testosterone and Inter testicular. Testosterone is important. For sperm production, the exact biological variables leading to all. These changes isn't exactly clear, but if you're like me, you say, okay probably not a problem for most males to carry their phone but probably best to not carry it. In the front pocket, maybe even avoid carrying the back pocket as well. Again in the future, we will have an episode. All about Bluetooth will talk about various aspects of emfs. It's a super interesting data set and it's
Data
set which there's a ton of controversy, it's really interesting. However, and they're more and more quality data coming out all the time. And I think going forward we are going to see that indeed. There are some negative effects of smartphones related to both their radio frequency transmission and the fact that they generate heat. And in general heat is not good for biological tissues. So any discussion about heat and sperm and how heat is detrimental to sperm has to raise this issue of whether or not cold is good for the
Okay, well, now there's a lot of data starting to come out about the positive effects. The positive biological effects of deliberate cold exposure on different aspects of brain biology such as the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and on the biology of the body, to some extent metabolism, but more. So, the impact on Brown fat stores, which are good for us, so called Brown fat thermogenesis. There's a lot related to deliberate cold exposure and we've done entire episodes on deliberate cold exposure. Again, you can find that at your room,
a.com, we did a guest episode with an expert on the use of cold for health and performance. With my colleague, Craig Heller from Stanford Department of biology. We also have a tool kit on how to apply deliberate, cold exposure for health, for both females. And for males, for sports performance, cognitive performance, mood, sleep, etcetera. You can find all that again huberman labs.com. Totally zero cost. Let's go into the menu. Go to newsletter, and scroll down and you'll find those
When thinking about sperm quality, we want to remember that excessive heat is bad now. Does that mean that deliberate cold is good? Well, it turns out that one of the major causes of lowered sperm, count and overall reduced sperm quality, that's quite common is the presence of what's called a varicella virus. L is kind of like varicose veins of the veins that innervate, the testicle, and what it essentially does is it means that blood will pool.
All in the testicular region, it can't circulate back to the body quickly enough and therefore, the temperature of that environment increases. There's some other things that Vera cells do, which can be obstructive at the physical level. So they're not just temperature-related. It's pretty clear. That using deliberate cold exposure can be healthy for the sperm because of the ways, not that cold directly supports testosterone, or sperm quality, but rather because cold reduces heat. Okay? So you will find available online.
Line. I think they're actually called forgive me, but that's what they're called. I didn't name them called snowballs. These are there sort of like gel pack cold briefs that you can buy and men will wear for some period of time. I don't think you wear them all day. You wear them for some period of time. A lot of people are now using cold, showers, and Ice baths, and circulating cold baths or going into a cold ocean or lake for any number of different reasons I talked about earlier. I myself start every day with either a 123-minute, cold shower, or
123-minute immersion up to my neck in a cold bath. You know, cold water, circulating water or a cold shower. I do that mainly for the psychological effects related to the long lasting increases in, dopamine and epinephrine, but there are other data starting to come out showing that that sort of approach or similar approaches can increase, testosterone levels, and maybe even sperm counts can reduce cortisol late in the evening. If the cold exposure is done early in the day, so on and so forth. So a lot of interesting data coming out in really good journals
That are peer reviewed. And so on in humans, I should mention the studies are done in humans to support the use of deliberate cold exposure. But again, if you're going to use deliberate cold exposure to improve sperm quality, can it work? Yes. Indeed, it can work either indirectly by increasing testosterone or directly by improving sperm quality. But both of those effects are likely to be indirect by virtue of reducing the temperature of the testicle overall, not because there's any sort of magic effect of cold on the testicle. Now, I have to imagine that a number of you in
Aguilar, the females listening to this going to say, is deliberate cold exposure and for that matter is deliberate heat exposure likes, on our hot tub, good or bad for the ovary for eggs and for fertility. Now, there are there fewer data to look to unfortunately. But what we do know is that deliberate cold exposure done in the way that I just described. One, two, three minutes a day, ideally early in the day through cold shower or immersion up to the neck, doesn't have to be an ice bath. Could be cold circulating water or even non circulating cold.
Water and people say well how cold I should have mentioned that before how cold there is no way. I can tell you exactly how cold the water should be because for some people 60 degrees Fahrenheit will be exceedingly cold for other people. 40 degrees is going to be more appropriate. How cold should you make it? If you're going to embrace these practices you want to according to the literature, what you want to do is make it uncomfortably cold such that you really want to get out but safe, right? You don't want to go into 30 degree, water immediately. You can actually have a heart attack and die if
Do that. So you want to progress gradually into the cold so you don't want to shock your system too much, although it is the adrenaline evoked by that that quickening or shortening or elimination of the breath, for a short period of time when you get into uncomfortably cold water, that correlates with or is actually the reflection of would be more accurate to say the release of adrenaline, and then dopamine and so forth, which has been very well documented. So uncomfortably cold, but safe to stay in and I cannot tell you an exact number that
Is uncomfortably cold but safe for you, it's going to differ person by person. You want to figure that out. Just like I can't tell you how much weight that you should squat in order to achieve some effective resistance training for the legs. It's going to differ depending on your strength and your prior experience and so forth, so he's into it, be safe, but it does appear that both for men for reasons. I talked about a few minutes ago and for women that deliberate cold exposure can be beneficial for fertility and for hormone production, but in particular, for
Males in terms of regulating cortisol and for hormone production now you might say OK, getting into cold as stressful, how can that be helpful for regulating stress? Well, turns out, when you get into the cold, you get a big surge in Adrenaline and then dopamine, which is very long-lasting provided. That's done in the early part of the day. So I would say, you know, not too close to sleep. Then what you do is you restrict your maximum cortisol, release to a period earlier in the day that buffers
Reduces that is the likelihood, that you would have excessive amounts of cortisol later in the day, which not only can disrupt sleep. But is correlated with a number of other hormonal effects that are not good for us and therefore, not good for fertility. So here what I'm describing, our positive yet, indirect effects of a cold on hormone levels both in males and in females. So for men, we talked about increased testosterone, improve sperm, quality, that was in direct, right? You're reducing the temperature of the testicle, but it's not that cold. It's
itself is positively impacting those things. Does that make sense? Heat is bad. Therefore, reducing temperature is good. Likewise with females, deliberate. Cold exposure can be good for the overall fertility process, not because cold is good for the ovary or being cold is good for the ovary or for luteinizing hormone or for follicle-stimulating hormone or anything else like that. But rather that using deliberate cold exposure as a way to restrict, stress in a deliberate way, to a particular time of day increases, the release of
Dissolve then and indirectly reduces the amount of cortisol that's released at other times along the 24-hour cycle, okay? So these are positive yet indirect effects. So if you're a woman who really is interested in exploring, deliberate, cold exposure, who enjoys it or is already doing it and you're wishing to conceive. Great Explorer it, do it safely of course, but exploring continue to do it. However, if you're somebody who just hates the cold and doesn't want to go anywhere near it, there's no reason to think that you absolutely need it provided that your stress, your sleep, and other factors are all being carried out.
Properly the next things that we'll talk about in terms of positive things or things that we can do in order to maximize fertility for both, females and males are the things that you also generally hear about elsewhere, right along with sleep and avoiding alcohol and avoiding nicotine and avoiding cannabis, avoiding excessive heat for the testicle, avoiding excessive stress is that you want to try to get enough exercise, right? Why would exercise have anything to do with any of this? Well, exercise. And that is both a
Nation of resistance training and cardiovascular exercise is going to improve the health of the mitochondria in particular cardiovascular exercise and I realized that for you Fitness Experts out there. Anytime someone says cardio people kind of roll their eyes, like what is that? You know, there's endurance training, there's interval training, there's hit training, there's Sprint's, there's all sorts of different things. Some of those overlap, some of them are separate, indeed, that's the case, but we can use a general rule of thumb here, which is that for most people getting anywhere from 30 and ideally 45 to 60 minutes.
It's of exercise per day for 6 days per week, maybe even seven. But most people like to take a day off or need to take a complete day off each week 6 to 7 days per week is going to be good for mitochondrial health and function. It's also going to impact all the other things like quality, sleep, mood, reducing stress, and so on and so forth. So exercise, we can handle pretty quickly by just saying everyone should be doing it. Now, when people are pregnant, they might have to, of course, change the amount of exercise or this type of exercise that they're doing their varying opinions on
But certainly the type of exercise and the amount can vary when people are pregnant, but if you're seeking to conceive, getting enough exercise is good because it's good for the, mitochondria, the mitochondria are present in that mid region of the sperm and mitochondria are critical for chromosomal segregation, and the spindle and other aspects of the formation of a healthy egg ovulation, and fertilization in the female. One thing that I know a lot of people are interested in nowadays is so called intermittent, fasting, or time restricted feeding mean, let's be fair.
Everybody is restricting their feeding time because hopefully everybody is sleeping at some point in the 24-hour cycle and nobody's eating. While they are sleeping. That said, many people are employing a so-called 8 Hour, feeding window or a 10 hour feeding window, or 12 hour, feeding window, and indeed, there are some data to support the idea that that can be a good thing for a number of different biological and health parameters. However, also a lot of data especially recently pointed to the fact that your overall number of calories and the quality of your food,
Says is going to be the most important variable and some people simply find that time restricted feeding, intermittent fasting. As it's also called is just a convenient way to ensure that your total intake of calories is not excessive for what you need. Now, with all that said, there is evidence that I've covered in a Solo episode and will soon have an expert guest on. Showing that time restricted, feeding can have certain positive outcomes, for various aspects of organ, seller and tissue health.
This is somewhat controversial but there is growing evidence that by restricting, your feeding window to say, 8 hours or 10 hours or 12 hours that it is better than if you were to eat over a longer period of each 24-hour cycle. Again, the data are still incoming. The reason we want to talk about time, restricted feeding, intermittent fasting is that a lot of people do use it because they find it easier to not eat at certain periods of their 24-hour cycle than to restrict calories. But again, keep in mind you have to restrict calories. If your goal is to maintain,
Enter lose weight, right? Discussion that we've covered in that episode on intermittent fasting and in the episode with dr. Lane Norton and that we will cover in other episodes in the future. So, refer to those episodes that huberman live.com. If you would like to learn more about intermittent fasting per say, for sake of this conversation, a number of people are probably asking if I restrict my feeding to a certain window each 24 hours because that's what's convenient, or because I'm excited about the potential positive effects of intermittent fasting.
Ting. Is that going to disrupt the likelihood of fertility and thereby healthy pregnancy? And the short answer to that is, if you are a female and you are having regular menstrual cycles, that is a fairly consistent duration. So maybe it's 21 days, maybe it's 35, or anywhere in between, but it's fairly consistent from month to month and you are following intermittent fasting time restricted feeding. Well, then chances are pretty good that it's not disrupting your fertility and likelihood of
Fertilization in a healthy pregnancy of course during pregnancy. You need to talk to your doctor and make sure that you're eating in a way that supportive both of you and of the developing fetus. That's extremely important. I am not aware of data exploring in a regimented way. Time restricted feeding during pregnancy. Okay. So please please please, if you're pregnant do not jump on a Time. Restricted feeding so called intermittent fasting, diet talk to your OBGYN, talk to your your doctor talk to multiple doctors for that matter before doing anything.
Like that because of course you're now eating for two or if you have twins in there, you're eating for three very important. If however you're not yet pregnant and you want to be fertile, get pregnant or simply maintain a fertile, potential and biology. You're falling, intermittent fasting, it's going to be the regularity of those periods. And regularity of cycle length, it will tell you whether or not, that's a good idea or not. Keeping in mind, of course that if your total number of calories is too low, your period,
Will cease, that's well-known effect. But of course, stress can also induce cessation of menstruation and there are other factors that can induce cessation of Investigation as well. Some of them start with changes in the brain, literally in the hypothalamus, some occur in the pituitary, many of Lifestyle factors can do that but most typically it's going to be excessive caloric restriction or it's going to be a caloric deficit brought on by excess physical activity. So even if someone
One's eating a lot if they're not eating enough to offset their physical activity or they're not eating enough of in particular fats, you know the essential fatty acids and protein but also carbohydrates. Well then menstruation can cease. And of course if menstruation is seizing chances are almost with certainty that you're not getting regular ovulations. Now, in terms of males and whether or not intermittent fasting is going to disrupt spermatogenesis and testosterone production. There, there's essentially no data we can look to but we can look
General logic around the relationship between body fat testosterone and spermatogenesis. And this was something that was covered in a discussion. I had on optimization of Hormone Health for males that I had with dr. Kyle Gillette, who's a medical doctor and obesity specialist, getting find that episode at huberman. Love.com, if you want to learn all about hormone optimization in males and essentially, the story is as follows, if a male is excessively overweight, he's carrying too much body fat in particular,
Not too much muscle. Although that can be an issue to but too much body fat is typically the issue. So you know more than say 20 percent body fat well then losing body fat is going to be the primary goal for maximizing testosterone sperm health and spermatogenesis if however, a male is already lean well then actually increasing calories will increase testosterone so it's a bit of a complicated story. Although not so complicated that none of us can understand it. Basically, if
Overweight you should focus on losing weight in order to maximize sperm quality and health. If you are very lean, well then restricting your calories to the point where you are starting to lose weight or you're dropping even more body. Fat is unlikely to increase your testosterone further, right? Doesn't necessarily mean it's bad or that you shouldn't try and go for instance, from 15 percent to 10 percent body fat. I'm not saying that that's bad and that will reduce your testosterone, but in general, if you're already very lean so 10%, body fat 5% body fat.
And you start restricting calories further, your testosterone levels will drop. So, in the context of intermittent fasting, it's really not an issue of whether or not you're feeding window is 8 hours or 12 hours. It's really an issue of whether or not you're getting enough calories to offset, the physical demands and activities of your life. Whether or not, you're on a maintenance diet, to maintain your weight. And of course, you have to put all that in the context of whether or not you're overweight or lean to begin with the simple thing to take away from this is, if you're a male, who's using because you like it, intermittent fasting, Circle time restricted, feeding and
Following an eight hour or maybe even a one meal per day type approach. Although, I don't really recommend that for a number of reasons. We could talk about separately. If you're eating over the course of 8 or 10 or 12 hours hours per day, because that's what works for you and you are ingesting, enough calories to maintain your weight. If you're already lean or you are ingesting fewer calories than you are burning, in order to lose weight because you are already overweight and you want to lose body fat you're probably optimizing for all the things that you need to do.
Do in order to improve sperm quality, and testosterone levels. Now also in that episode that I did with dr. Carl Gillette on optimizing hormones for males. We talked about testosterone replacement therapy. It's not a topic. I want to get into in any detail right now, but I will say this, remember earlier, when we were talking about spermatogenesis and the fact that in order for sperm to be generated, consistently every month on going from the time of puberty until essentially the time that a man dies, you need two things, you need testosterone production from
Lighting cells of the testes, and you need spermatogenesis to be supported by that antigen binding. Protein coming from the support cells from the sertoli cells. So, you need to start our own and you need antigen binding, protein, and you need the lytic cells and the sertoli cells active when men, take exogenous, meaning from outside the body testosterone, either, by cream, or by patch or by pellets or more typically by injection the most typical trt approach nowadays is to start her own sipping 8 which is biologically identical.
The kind of testosterone you would make well because of negative feedback loops which you also learn about earlier the testicles themselves, shut down their own testosterone production, why would that be okay? So you're taking testosterone in my syringe or by patch or any other method. So the circulating testosterone in the amount that arrives at the testicle is going to be hopefully clinically appropriate. Not super physiological, but it'll be somewhere in the healthy. Reference range may be a little bit higher nowadays, some people are going a little
Lil Bit higher. So we're not talking about full-blown quote-unquote. Anabolic steroid use, keeping in mind. Of course, that estrogen is a steroid testosterone destroyed, but we think about stories, we mean like performance-enhancing drug. So, super physiological doses, we're talking about within physiological or or near physiological ranges. So if someone's in, taking their testosterone in from an outside, exogenous source,
The levels of circulating testosterone will be sufficiently high. That the pituitary will register that and we'll stop making luteinizing hormone and generally follicle-stimulating hormone as well. And as a consequence spermatogenesis is vastly reduced or eliminated. In other words, for men who are on trt or who are taking testosterone from an external Source, the number of sperm that they're going to make, is going to be dramatically, reduced, there are things that they can do to offset that.
At like taking HCG human chorionic gonadotropin which is just kind of a mimic for luteinizing hormone to stimulate the testes to continue to make testosterone and some men will also were instead take FSH to stimulate the sertoli cells to support somatic. Matt spermatogenesis, excuse me or both or some combination. Some people take clomiphene Clomid there any number of different ways to bypass or offset the sperm reducing effects of taking exoticness testosterone.
This is a
conversation that was covered in a fair amount of detail on that episode with dr. Gillette but just keep in mind that if you are taking testosterone from an exotic Earnest Source, your sperm counts, will dramatically be reduced unless you do something to offset it. So if you are wishing to conceive, you need to think about whether or not you're going to offset the testosterone replacement therapy or whether or not you're going to come off it entirely. So you'll need to talk to a urologist endocrinologist about that. And again, a number of these different themes and ways to go.
Oh, about tapering off trt recovered in that. Episode with dr. Kyle Gillette. So if you're on here t or you're considering taking it and you're interested in having children, not just now. But at any point, you really want to take these things into consideration. Now, I do want to point out that for the number of you out there who are taking supplements, some of which we've talked about on this podcast, I've talked about another podcast such as tone, golly turns out that there are a lot of men and women taking Tonga Ali to reduce sex hormone-binding globulin levels to increase testosterone and estrogen, in some cases, libido and so forth.
Those approaches meaning supplement based approaches to increase testosterone or free testosterone, or some related hormones, are not going to shut down your own endogenous testosterone production, and reduce the number of sperm that you make or at least as far as we know disrupt ovulation in any kind of way. Provided that the dosages are within normal ranges. Again, supplementation to support your hormones. Should not disrupt ovulation or spermatogenesis
or testosterone production quite the opposite. It should enhance it. What? I just described around trt as taking exoticness testosterone at that, it's self is an entirely different Beast. Now, with all of that said, there are some supplements out there that include testosterone as a ingredient that's been snuck in to various formulas. That include Blends and things of that sort, you want to be aware of that. And we did an episode about how to develop a rational guide to supplementation. I highly recommend listening to that episode
Load. Again, it's time-stamped available. Free at huberman lab.com and all formats because it talks about which supplements are likely to be clean. Quote-unquote to contain the things that you expect them to contain. There's more and more evidence coming out that a lot of supplements, including some, for instance, supplements that contain testicle or the extracts of testicles can contain testosterone whether or not that can shut down. Your own endogenous testosterone, production isn't clear. No one's really explored that in detail. But based on everything we just talked about with trt, it stands to reason that it might
Either reduce it or shut it down. It's just never been explored yet. So by all means, make sure that you know what you're taking if you're taking supplements. But again the major Point here is that for both females and males taking supplements to support healthy hormone production, including things like Tonga. Ali is not the same as taking hormones or bioidentical hormones, which indeed can shut down your own endogenous production of hormones and thereby reduce both egg quality and the chance of fertilization and
Pregnancy and sperm quality and the chance of fertilization and healthy pregnancy. Anytime there's a discussion about fertility and pregnancy, there seems to also be a parallel discussion about sex, determination. That is what factors can influence. Whether or not the child that's born is male or female that is whether or not. It has double X chromosomes or One X chromosome, from Mom, One, X chromosome from dad because the egg was fertilized by a sperm that had an ex sex, chromosome that 23 chromosome or whether or not
The Offspring is male whether or not has the X chromosome from Mom. Because it's always going to be the X chromosome in that egg and a y chromosome from the sperm that fertilized that particular egg. Now, of course, there are instances out, there are people that have X XY, chromosomes, or XY, Y chromosomes. But the vast majority of people out there are going to have either an XX chromosome. So we call that a female karyotype, right? This is different than genotype and phenotype but if
Female karyotype would be XX, or a male karyotype, which would be X Y, okay? Now, despite the fact that it is the egg and the sperm, and the chromosomes that they carry, that are going to determine the chromosomes, there's a lot of lower and discussion about the factors that can bias, which sperm will fertilize the egg and thereby whether or not you're going to get an X ax, female or an XY male chromosome and therefore Offspring. Now not only is the lower around this whole issue of
Sex determination rather prominent but it is also somewhat unusual and perhaps even interesting. So for instance, Aristotle himself proposed, that if a man is thinking about himself and his own pleasure, more than his partner and her pleasure, at the point of ejaculation, then The Offspring will be male Aristotle. Also asserted that if a man is thinking more about his partner and her pleasure at the point, in which he ejaculates
Well then The Offspring would be female. Of course, we have zero reason to believe that there's any truth to Aristotle's theory. There are no data to support that. In fact, I'm not even sure how you would run that experiment because you can't really look at people's thoughts, you'd have to rely on honest. Self-report, and even if people were to Faithfully report, what they were thinking about, at the moment of ejaculation, this would involve a course, bringing people into the laboratory and somehow measuring are analyzing their
Thoughts, or gathering their thoughts, during the sexual intercourse, at the point of ejaculation than figuring out, which biological sex was The Offspring Etc. Just near impossible and probably not the most important experiment to invest our time doing nonetheless. There continues to be a lot of lore about what determines the sex of The Offspring. Most notably there's a lot of lower in discussion and rumor about the idea that particular sexual positions at the point of ejaculation during intercourse.
First, can somehow bias the likelihood that a pregnancy will be either resulting in male or female Offspring? Now again, there are zero data to support this, and yet this whole notion of sex, determination is a really interesting one that people seem to be somewhat obsessed by so much. So that, again, if you go online, or if you were to talk to people in the sort of, let's call it holistic or peripheral Health, spaces related to fertility, there is discussion about
Okay, will you take this sexual position at the point of ejaculation to get a boy and you take that sexual position the point of ejaculation to get a girl or you do you do this in the early part of the day or the later part of the day again, all for, which there is zero data to support any kind of systematic relationship between what I just discussed and the biological sex of The Offspring. That said, there are now emerging methods that people are using in order to separate out the sperm that will indeed
Give rise to a male offspring, versus a female Offspring. Now, this of course is done in the context of in vitro. Fertilization, we haven't talked too much about in vitro fertilization, but in vitro fertilization involves as the name suggest taking an egg and taking a sperm pairing them in a dish, this can be done a number of different ways, but just to briefly describe the IVF procedure IVF involves administering Supra, meaning greater than normal Supra physiological.
Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the follicular phase of a woman's cycle. What that causes is the maturation of, not just one egg, that would be ovulated, but multiple follicles and eggs. And then ovulation itself is suppressed also through the administration of exogenous hormones, and then under ultrasound guidance and OBGYN goes in and collects the mature eggs, and follicles puts them in a dish.
And then sperm are delivered to that dish and those could either be sperm in that were frozen previously, or more typically or ideally, it would be live sperm collected that day that are washed through a very straightforward procedure and then those sperm either are allowed to compete for those eggs and fertilize those eggs and allow them to advance to very early embryo stage before those embryos are frozen and eventually implanted into a woman in order to have them be carried to full term. Ideally
Or there's a procedure in which specific sperm are selected because they have the best morphology motility and so forth. And in a process called XE, icsi in which the sperm themselves are literally forced to fertilize that particular egg. Now, under those conditions,
typically a couple or a woman, if she's doing this on her own, with a sperm, donor will get multiple fertilized embryos, okay? That are carried to a multi multi cellular stage so that it's clear that they could grow into a child. If they were implanted into a viable host, sometimes the surrogate, sometimes the woman who wants the child herself. And under those conditions, it is possible to look at the genetic makeup including the karyotype of those early nascent embryos in
Case people really can select the sex of their offspring. That is they will have some embryos that are XX, some embryos that are XY. It's very likely also that they will have some embryos that have karyotypes or genotypes, which are not ideal in that they would potentially lead to a miscarriage or some other genetic defect. And so, typically, people do not select to implant those embryos if they have the option to implant embryos that are of
Either XX or XY karyotype and the normal chromosomal arrangements for obvious reasons. So the whole point here is that sex selection is possible but only using in vitro. Fertilization the other thing that is becoming clear to us in more recent years is that sex selection is actually possible at the level of the sperm even prior to fertilization, this is an emerging data set and this is largely happening in clinics outside of the
I'd States. But there are some clinics that have figured out methods in which they can take a sperm sample and they can spin that sperm sample in a centrifuge at a rate that separates out the sperm into what are called different fractions. So, for those of you done a little bit of biology with centrifuges, when you spin any kind of substance that includes multiple things in it of different weights, when you spin them, that things have different weights, segregate out into different fractions, along the depth of the tube. And then you can take out one fraction or the next simply with a little pipette. You take out the top fraction.
The middle fraction and so forth. And what these clinics have figured out is that if they spin the sperm sample at the correct, spin rate that the sperm that will give rise to male offspring, and the sperm that will give rise to female Offspring segregated out into different fractions, allowing them, to take each of those fractions separately and to apply them to eggs. If it's in vitro fertilization and give rise very reliably certainly much more than chance to
They're male or female embryos. They also, of course can choose to do this outside, the context of in vitro fertilization. So, some people are now opting to have their sperm samples spun out in this way. Separate out the sperm that give rise to male or female Offspring. And then, to only use the fraction that they are interested in, right? So if they want a boy, they'll use one fraction if they want a girl, they'll use different fraction. And then to use those fractions in the context of what's called, IUI or intrauterine.
Intrauterine insemination, which is, as the name, suggest, rather, than having the man deliver the ejaculate with his penis and the sperm with his penis, they have a device. You know, the devices are now, commercially sold leave or not, they're sold over the counter and on the internet. So people will even do this at home. And so what they're doing is, they'll take the sperm and they'll do IUI in order to bias the probability that they're going to get a male or a female Offspring again, this is something that's now emerging. It's not commonplace.
Most of the time people simply roll the dice as as it were by having either intercourse and just hoping for or not caring, if they get a male or a female Offspring, or in the instance of IVF selecting male or female Offspring sometimes largely on the basis of the chromosomal arrangements. So of course, some people might prefer to have one or the other biological sex as their offspring, but of course the healthy chromosomal arrangements are going to be Paramount for getting healthy.
Old. And as I mentioned before, unhealthy chromosomal arrangements or abnormal chromosomal rearrangements often lead to miscarriage or and or birth defects. So selecting for healthy, chromosomal rearrangements is always Paramount but some people are selecting for biological sex and indeed some couples who can conceive naturally are opting for IUI in order to be able to select biological sex because of this ability to spin out the sperm samples, two different fractions and select the mail.
Or female sperm. That is the the sperm that would give rise to a male or female Offspring. So, this is a rapidly emerging theme, believe it or not, who knew and of course, it has nothing to do with Aristotle's assertions about what people are thinking about. At the point of ejaculation nor does it have anything to do with body position at the point of ejaculation. But I do find it rather interesting that even in this day and age, people seem to be continually pursuing new and different ways to understand why one sperm are.
Another sperm happens to fertilize the egg and when that information is not available, because frankly, it's not available yet. We don't know. Why a sperm containing a y chromosome, or sperm contain X chromosome, is more likely to fertilize an egg and there's some ideas. For instance, that older father's tend to have more daughters as opposed to Sons. But when you really look at the data, it's pretty mixed. So if you've heard that before has a particular nickname that I'm not going to describe on the podcast, you can look it up online. But if any of you are aware of
The
other kind of ideals or lure, no matter how ridiculous or crazy, please put them in the comments section on YouTube. I'd be very curious to learn about those mostly out of interesting curiosity. But look sometimes these outrageous stories such as Notions of body position and what how they influence biological sex even though they turn out not to be true. Turn out to be interesting for other reasons. And in fact, next we're going to talk about how body position during sexual intercourse can, in fact, influence, fertility and pregnancy.
Pregnancy. So another common theme around fertility and pregnancy that you'll hear about is that for couples that are trying to get pregnant that during intercourse, they should do whatever it is, that works for them, but then after the man ejaculates that the woman should try and position her ankles above her head or somehow otherwise tilt her pelvis, back in order to increase the rate and or probability that the sperm swim toward the egg as
To the other direction. Now, I talked to a couple of different OBGYNs and urologists that are focused on fertility about this topic. And it turns out you get pretty mixed answers as to whether or not there's any validity to this idea that the woman's body position after the man ejaculates inside of her, can somehow influence the probability of pregnancy. One group of experts told me that there is no reason for a woman to need to continue to lie down Elevate, the ankles or in any way, tilt your pelvis.
Us back in order to increase the probability of successful fertilization. The other group suggested that indeed, there is a strong reason to believe that tilting the pelvis back. Maybe even keeping the ankles elevated and having a woman lie on her back for about 15 minutes with the pelvis. Positioned at about 20 degrees back is ideal for optimizing. Fertilization, I mean, they were really specific about the recommendations. I find this interesting that Within
The cohort of extremely well-trained, MDS, OBGYNs, and Urology, fertility, a talks and OBGYNs. You see a split has nothing to do with whether or not the physician was male or female or their training, or their institution, none of that there. Just seemed to be a sort of even split between the two now granted, it wasn't the largest sample size that I could have obtained and yet I do find it interesting that there's this this split in the opinion about this one group the group that said no
No pelvic position, doesn't really matter, don't worry about it. It's not going to influence the rates. Of fertilization argue that the sperm swim very quickly and that if they are released near the cervix they're going to swim very quickly toward the egg in order to fertilize it regardless of pelvic position, the other group said, well yes, sperm swim quickly. And even if they're released right at the entry to the cervix that the sperm still have a long distance to go. Again, if you were to
Gail this according to the size of the sperm versus size of a human body entire human body. What? You'd scale it to is the distance between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and it needs to undergo that basically within 24 hours or so, although, as we mentioned earlier, sperm can survive quite a while inside of the woman's body, maybe three or five days at least. So in both cases, they acknowledge. It's a long distance, but on the one hand, you have a group of experts that are saying the sperm more or less know what to do and are going to do it regardless of the position of the woman after ejaculation.
Ocean inside her and the other group saying, no, we want to do everything, we can to bias the likelihood that the sperm will fertilize the egg. Okay. Well, setting aside the basic argument. That tilting back of the pelvis and lying stationary or so. For about 15 minutes after sexual intercourse, and ejaculation is not a expensive, you know, Endeavor, although it requires a little bit of time and it forces people to remain.
Motionless or close to motionless and they're not up and around and moving about, aside from that, it's a relatively low investment. So one argument is, well, if it could buy us, the likelihood of fertilization at all and people want to get pregnant. Why wouldn't they do that? Okay, so that's a reasonable argument but doesn't really point to the mechanism. The arguments that point to a potential mechanism. Are that if you recall, what we were talking about when we talk about sperm, quality sperm, quality involves a bunch of different measures like,
Like concentration of sperm per milliliter semen, morphology of those sperm, how many are forward motile? It turns out that in anyone ejaculate sample, the total number of forward motile, and yet fast-forward motile sperm that are also of the highest quality, morphology is actually quite low. And so, the idea here is that you want to get as many sperm of the highest quality swimming toward the egg because those
Homestand the highest probability of fertilizing that egg and in fact this relates to some of the discussion we were having earlier about behavioral do's and don'ts for sake of increasing the probability of fertilization. And the one that is most important here is cannabis turns out that the data on cannabis really do support the idea that some of you may have heard from parents and teachers. I don't know, I did hear this from parents and teachers that cannabis can disrupt the swimming styles.
Is of sperm, in in ways that are not supportive of fertilization that it can turn more of the sperm into twitchers. Although when I learned about this, I was not informed of the word. Twitter's, what I was told is that if you use cannabis that, the sperm don't know, which direction to go, that they're confused almost sort of implying that the the sperm themselves are high on cannabis. Well, that's certainly not the argument that I'm making here, but it does seem to be the case that people who use cannabis even once.
The sperm that are generated during that particular month or two months, during which or after which they use, cannabis have less forward motility and possibly altered morphology as well. Okay? I want to be very clear. I did not say that. If you use cannabis once you are forever, disrupting the motility and morphology of your sperm. I did not say that. What I said is that if you use cannabis, once then the sperm that are generated in the 60 days, after the
Cannabis use are going to have a higher incidence of disrupted motility and perhaps morphology as well. Okay remember sperm are continually generated every 60 days or so and so if you use cannabis once you are not forever disrupting your sperm. But if you are using cannabis and then you are looking to conceive in the next 60 days, you're going to be reducing we think significantly. So the number of quality forwardly motile sperm
ERM. So the simple takeaway from this is avoid cannabis use although if you are going to use cannabis and again there are medical uses of cannabis and beneficial uses of cannabis for certain populations, it can be bad for other populations. We talked about that in the human Lab podcast all about cannabis, but if you're going to use cannabis, you should try and abstain from Cannabis in the two months, prior to the attempt to fertilize and get pregnant. Now, I'm not aware of any data on how cannabis, use by the woman can influence the
Polly hood of fertilization and pregnancy. And I want to couch this whole discussion around cannabis Under the Umbrella of something that came up in the episode that I did on cannabis which is that for about half of people out there male and female. Okay, so here we're not distinguishing by biological sex about half of people that use cannabis report it as an aphrodisiac, it makes them want to have sexual intercourse more than if they don't use cannabis and for the other half it actually has the opposite effect by way of an influence on a hormone.
Called prolactin which suppresses the dopamine system, the testosterone and the estrogen existen. And so this whole idea that cannabis is an aphrodisiac seems to be true for about half of the human population and not for the other half of the human population. So, I mentioned that because I know a number of people use cannabis as an aphrodisiac. They like to use cannabis before intercourse, was actually very surprising to me to discover when I research that cannabis episode that approximately 15, 15 percent of
Women who are pregnant continue to use cannabis during pregnancy and that's a very alarming statistic and everything we know is that the use of cannabis during pregnancy is detrimental to the health in particular the brain development of the fetus. So that's a real concern. I highly recommend women abstain from cannabis use during pregnancy, talk to your OBGYN about it if you're using it all or considering using it all. So, based on what I told you earlier about the fact that cannabis use is not good for
Or egg quality, and the fact that cannabis use can disrupt the motility of sperm and therefore, is not good for sperm quality, and it can disrupt the patterns of swimming and sperm in ways that reduce the likelihood of fertility. I think the take-home message is clear, which is that whether or not you want to be a cannabis user or not? If you are going to try and conceive and certainly while you're pregnant you're going to want to avoid the use of cannabis and that is smoked cannabis and Vaped cannabis and during pregnancy.
The consumption of cannabis even in edible form, or in tincture form is also going to be detrimental to the developing fetus. But of course, we started this conversation in the context of body position in particular at the point of ejaculation, in determining the sex of The Offspring and or the likelihood of getting a successful Fertilization in pregnancy. And I think that given that the tilting back of the pelvis. So, again, this is elevating the pelvis by about 20 degrees. I don't think it has to be exact exact, but
about 20 degrees for about 15 minutes, post ejaculation inside of the woman or I suppose if people are using IUI intrauterine insemination since that seems to be the consensus among those experts. That believe that,
Pelvic tilt backward can be beneficial for increasing the probability of fertilization and given that it involves no cost. But a little bit of time, seems to me that if you want to get pregnant, that, that would be the right thing to do. And as far as I know, there's no information. Nor was I able to obtain any recommendations from experts, about what the ideal body position of the male is after ejaculation, if the goal is to increase the probability of fertilization and pregnancy. So we've been talking about behavioral interventions some do's and some don'ts that people can do to.
Research fertility and the likelihood that any fertilized egg will be carried to term successfully and soon we'll also talk about things that people can take to improve their fertility. Now keep in mind that this entire discussion is about fertility. But also remember, as we discussed at the beginning of the episode, trying to increase, your fertility, is one of the best ways to think about trying to create and maintain optimal physical health. So for people who are trying to conceive and for people
who are not trying to conceive, optimizing, your fertility status, whether not, you're male or female, it's one of the best ways to Target those approaches. And there are now a lot of data supporting, the idea that Acupuncture of all things can be very beneficial for improving, both female and male fertility, and should a woman get pregnant for improving the quality of outcomes. That is the likelihood that there will be a successful pregnancy that is carried to term, not premature, and so on. And so,
Now for some of you out there you might think. Oh, of course, acupuncture acupuncture has been known to work for thousands of years and therefore it's not surprising that it would assist with fertility and pregnancy for many of you out there however probably thinking acupuncture that seems like fringe science. But what I can assure you is that there are now quite a few clinical trials, funded by government agencies like the National Institutes of Health showing that acupuncture is a very effective treatment for a number of different things, including
Leti in pregnancy, but for hormone status, for stress relief. But even for chronic, illnesses of different kinds, including autoimmune illnesses. So this is no longer considered fringe science. In fact, one of the best Laboratories in the world working on. This is a laboratory out of Harvard, Medical School run by a guy named chofu mom. Chufas lab has really been exploring in a mechanistic way how the different stimulation sites that are used in acupuncture, so where the needles are inserted tap into neural.
That link the different organs of the body. So for instance, they've found that stimulation of our particular site on the lower limb can reduce inflammation dramatically throughout the body, by way of neural Pathways that originated in the lower limb and extend to areas such as the kidney and the pancreas. So, all these quote-unquote, ancient maps of the human body as they relate to acupuncture are now being parsed at the level of mechanism, which I think is wonderful, because in, not only is showing us that so much of what
Of what has been reported and reported in the landscape of acupuncture. Actually has an underlying mechanistic basis and with additional mechanistic understanding, of course, always arrived new and better practices. That's the idea to evolve these fields of acupuncture to evolve the fields of mechanistic, understanding of our biology and health. And so the issue of whether or not acupuncture, can assist in getting pregnant and in carrying a child to term and for that child to be healthy are really starting to emerge.
Yeah, in a major way and rather than go into all those data in detail. What I can tell you is that there are clinical trials and data supporting the fact that female fertility itself can be supported by acupuncture through several mechanisms one of which is the balancing and I realize that's a somewhat tricky term and I'll Define it better in a moment, the balancing of hormones across the ovulatory, / menstrual cycle, including regulating levels of FSH so that they're not too high, nor too low and restricting.
The FSH to the follicular phase of the of the menstrual cycle, as well as using acupuncture to improve things, like blood flow, and the health of the ovary itself and other aspects of the female reproductive access. So acupuncture can operate at the chemical level impacting hormones, it can act at the mechanical level impacting the different tissues through which the egg has to pass and so on and so forth, likewise on the male side acupuncture has been shown to improve
Even volume quality of sperm, sperm, motility, Etc. And in large part, through changes in the neural Pathways that innervate the very tissues and Vascular input to the scrotum. And testicles because as we learned earlier temperature, regulation of the scrotum and testicles is so vital for getting healthy sperm and increasing sperm quality. In addition, there are good data to support the idea that acupuncture can increase levels of testosterone.
Oster own free testosterone and the sorts of hormones that are going to support healthy hormone production and sperm production in males, and this is distinct from applying testosterone from an exotic - Source, right? So when we're talking about acupuncture and increasing levels of testosterone, we're talking about increasing levels of endogenous testosterone so those leydig cells can support the sertoli cells in the sertoli cells can make that antigen binding, protein and you get enhanced spermatogenesis, you can find evidence for all of these different features, both
To the chemical milieu. That is the hormones and changes to the mechanical milieu, including for instance, Improvement of the pathways leading from the seminiferous, tubules to the epididymis to the vas. Deferens basically clearing out the plumbing so that more quality ejaculate can be delivered which of course is going to increase the probability of fertilization. So when you hear that acupuncture can improve the likelihood of pregnancy, that's an accurate statement for which there are now increasing amounts of mechanistic data. If you want to learn more about how acupuncture can be,
I used to contribute to improve fertilization and pregnancy. There are a number of different excellent reviews on this both as it relates to females and as it relates to males, one of the best papers that I happen to like is one that will provide a link to in the references entitled acupuncture, and herbal medicine for, female fertility, and overview of systematic reviews. So, I read a review of reviews. This was published recently in 2021, will provide a link to that. And there's also going to be a link to a review that relates
Acupuncture for male fertility and hormone augmentation. I should just mention briefly that if you're going to look at scientific papers, one thing that you'll want to consider is also looking at the references that they reference and, of course, papers tend to reference a ton of references in particular in reviews. So what you'll want to do is look for the references that are showing up most often in the introduction. Those references often are going to be the most prominent recent reviews or the most important findings in recent years. That's not always the case, but that's often
the case. So, if you read the first couple of paragraphs or these papers and these are openly available as full text by the way online. If you go to these links, you'll be able to access the best papers, the most relevant papers, in the context of acupuncture, supporting female and acupuncture, supporting male fertility, and hormone status. Now, I'd like to discuss things that both men and women can take in order to maximize their fertility and again, and again, when we're talking about fertility, we're talking about people who want to
Sieve and have children, but also we're talking about a basic measure of overall health status. So if you're somebody who does not want to conceive children, I still encourage you to think about whether or not you would want to do certain things or not do certain things in order to maximize your fertility. As a means to maximize Your vitality and Longevity, because that's really what maximizing fertility is about. For a lot of people that said, I know a lot of people would like to conceive children. Perhaps not right away. But in the future and what I'm about
Bout to describe are some tools and interventions, that is things that one can take in order to improve their hormone status. But also in particular, the quality of their eggs and the quality of their sperm, in the short and long term, the first on the list of things that people can take in order to improve egg quality, or sperm. Quality is L-Carnitine, L-Carnitine is present in various Foods in particular, in red meats. But again, it's going to be very hard to get sufficient levels of L-Carnitine to improve
Quality and sperm quality. Unless you're going to take it in supplement form. The typical recommendation based on peer reviewed studies that have shown significant improvements in egg quality, that is chromosomal Arrangements, that is the likelihood of fertility or pregnancy rather the likelihood of sperm being forward fast swimmers as opposed to Twitter as a remote island. Having proper morphology. All those measures has been demonstrated to be significantly improved by the ingestion of Al carnitine. How much L-Carnitine well that depends on how your
Obtaining the L-Carnitine, if you're obtaining, it in capsule form 1 to 3 grams per day of capsule form. L-Carnitine is what's been suggested to improve egg quality, and sperm quality. Now, 1 2 3 grams per day, can be taken all at once or spread out throughout the 24 hour cycle. It can be taken with or without food does not seem to matter. And when taken for a period of 30, to 60 days, does seem to significantly improve all the parameters that have been discussed.
For egg quality and sperm quality. Now, the mechanism for that effect is pretty clear L-Carnitine is involved in the processing of lipids fat in terms of mitochondrial function. And as we talked about before, mitochondria are vital for the organization in action of the spindle that pulls apart, the chromosomes taking that cell within the female from diploid two haploid which is essential. You really want. Just the 23 individual chromosomal strands. You
Don't want chromosomal repeats. It's also involved in the actual Fusion of the egg as it exits. The ovary and enters, the ovulation cycle, mitochondria are also important as we talked about before for the forward motility of sperm because of the enrichment of mitochondria in that mid region just behind the head. They cause the whipping flagellation of the tail allowing for forward movement, as well as other aspects of cellular morphology. So makes a lot of sense as to why L carnitine supplementation would be beneficial again, it's 123 grams per day.
Over a period of about 30 to 60 months. If you're hoping to conceive in the upcoming months, recommend taking it for, at least 30 days. Prior to that, of course, based on the data, we talked about before the cumulative, probability for come to bility, Etc. There's no reason to not continue to try for pregnancy before taking L-Carnitine but L-Carnitine is going to improve egg and sperm quality and so you might actually take the stance that even if you don't have any problem getting pregnant, wouldn't you want to maximize the quality of the
Egg that gets fertilized and the quality of the sperm that fertilizes that egg. So, that's additional rationale for taking L-Carnitine. One important note, if you are going to take L-Carnitine an oral form in capsule form, it can increase something called tmao, tmao can cause stiffening of the arteries. You don't want tmao levels to go too high. One way to offset the increases in tmao. Caused by Oral L-Carnitine is to take 600 milligrams of garlic per day. You, I suppose you could eat cloves of garlic. That would work just as well, because
Garlic contains something called allicin, which can offset the increase in tmao, but 600 mg, capsules of garlic are going to be or garlic. Extract. Rather is going to be the most probably cost effective and simplest way to do this. And also, they are going to create that garlic smell. Some people like the smell of garlic. Some people don't. So, if you're going to take oral L-Carnitine, I suggest also taking 600 milligrams a day of garlic extract, and you can do that at any time throughout the day, it doesn't have to be with the
L-Carnitine, the next item on the list of compounds that have been shown to improve egg, quality, and sperm, quality, and quite robustly. So is Coenzyme. Q10, coenzyme Q10 is something that you can actually measure levels of in your blood. Most Physicians will say that they want to see your levels of coenzyme. Q10 to be somewhere between .5 and 2.5. It's going to depend on the unit's. Most people I realize they're not going to run off and get their co Q 10 measured. It's not included in most standard blood tests but if you were to measure your co Q 10, that's the range that you want to look for.
That said, many people opt to supplement with co Q 10 and you'll find that many fertility, docs OBGYNs and urologists that are trying to assist their male patients. With fertility will suggest co Q 10. Because again, it supports the health of mitochondria. Mitochondria are so vital to so many aspects of the formation and fertilization of the egg and sperm that, of course, fertilizes, the egg, the coenzyme Q10 dosages that are most often suggested and that
You'll observe in the peer-reviewed research literature on humans, I should add is 100 to 400 milligrams per day and the coenzyme Q10 is taken generally with a meal and ideally a meal that contains fat and there's even some idea that taking coenzyme Q10 with your dinner, assuming that dinner includes some fat. You don't have to add additional fat is going to be more advantageous than taking coenzyme Q10, early in the day, although that's probably a detail that's getting a little too far down in the
So, again, 100 to 400 mg of coenzyme Q10 per day. Whether or not you're a man or a woman for improving the likelihood of fertility, by way of improving egg and sperm quality. And again, if you're somebody who just doesn't have any problem getting pregnant, or if you're already producing many sperm of quality, morphology, this is another case in which you could take a step back and you say, well, why wouldn't I want to further optimize the quality of the egg and the sperm, because the quality of the egg, and the sperm ultimately are going to determine not just whether or not you have a successful pregnancy, but are going to determine
Admittedly in ways that will forever remain cryptic to you, but nonetheless are going to be important in determining the qualities of the brain tissue and body tissue of your Offspring. The third item on the list of compounds, which are commonly suggested or prescribed by fertility docks nowadays for men and women wishing to conceive and or optimize their fertility, as a basis for General vitality and health is inositol. Now, inositol has many uses so you'll hear about the use of inositol
For reducing anxiety or improving mood or even for the treatment of depression. We talked about inositol and previous episodes of this podcast. For instance, I talked about inositol and in particular, taking 900 milligrams of myo-inositol prior to sleep, which is something that I do along with the other supplements that I take and recommend for Sleep such as magnesium, three and eight apigenin. And theanine, if you're curious about those, you can see our newsletter on sleep or are perfect. Your sleep episode or the master your sleep episode talks about behavioral and supplementation.
In based tools for improving sleep, but myo-inositol is not just suggested for or prescribed for people that are wishing to get pregnant and for General Health. But my own acetal is often recommended for people that want to improve egg, and sperm quality, because of the way that it can positively impact, insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity might sound like a bad thing to people out there, but it turns out that you want to be insulin sensitive. The last thing you want is to be insolent.
Insensitive insulin insensitivity is associated with type 2 diabetes, with obesity and even for people who are not challenged with obesity, you want your cells to be insulin sensitive. You don't want a lot of insulin floating around in, your system, with your cells unable to use that insulin. That's really what insulin insensitivity is about myo-inositol at dosages of 125 grams per day. It's pretty high 125 grams per day, keeping in mind that 1,000 milligrams is one gram has been suggested to
Improve egg, quality, and sperm quality. Now, one point of, I wouldn't say caution, but of note is that myo-inositol can reduce anxiety and it can be a slight sedative, which is why some folks including myself take almost a gram 900 mg prior to sleep. If you're going to take five grams of myo-inositol, you would want to restrict that to the late evening or second half of your day and I don't suggest starting that high. I would start with 1 or 2 G and then working your way up, seeing what you can tolerate in terms of
the level of anti-anxiety and drowsiness that it produces 125 grams per day of myo-inositol is what suggested for both, men and women wishing to improve egg health, and sperm Health. But for women, it's also often suggested to include also, okay? So the to take my own office at all but to also take D Cairo, inositol, dcara inositol has elements in it that can be both Pro and anti androgenic
Androgens are things like testosterone and related molecules, there are a number of different causes of infertility and disruption to egg quality age being the most significant factor but another significant and very common factor, even among young women, who are fertile age is having too many androgens. And as it relates to something called polycystic ovarian syndrome will do an entire episode about menopause and PCOS and a number of other things that relate to fertility because it's an entire and very
Interesting. Other discussion that we need to have, but the recommendation is that women take 125 grams of myo-inositol but also di Caro, inositol, because of the ways that it can balance androgens and offset some of the negative effects of polycystic, ovarian syndrome, or even for women, who do not have polycystic ovarian syndrome because of the ways that di Caro, inositol can balance androgens in ways that are beneficial the dosages of decaro inositol, that are recommended tend to be 120.
Fifth to 1/40 of the myo-inositol do. So you have to get out your calculator. Remember 1000 mg equals 1 gram. So figure out if you're taking one gram of myo-inositol per day or two grams, you're going to want to convert that to mg. So, let's say, you're taking two grams of myo-inositol per day, that's 2,000 milligrams and you'd want to divide that by 25, and that's how many milligrams of D Cairo. Inositol, you would want to take as well or you could go with the lower end dose and divide it by 4 T and take that
number of milligrams of di Caro, inositol along with the inositol. Again, I'll be taking it later in the day, is going to be good and it's not clear at all that. Take it with food or without food makes any difference whatsoever. So, I would suggest you do, either. Keep in mind, is I'm discussing these recommendations. I may call them prescriptions, but none of these are prescription drugs. And of course, you should always discuss any supplements that you're planning to take or stop taking for that matter with your physician. I don't say that to protect me. I said that to protect you anytime you're going to add or change something.
In your overall health regimen, you want to discuss that with your trusted health care professional. Typically, I would hope a board-certified MD, the fourth item in the list of commonly suggested supplements, for men and women, wishing to optimize egg and sperm, quality respectively is Omega 3, fatty acids. And now here, we're talking about something that could be obtained from food and can be obtained from food. So if you're consuming fatty ocean fish things, like sardines, anchovies, salmon with the skin. Chances are
You're going to get some quality Omega-3s. Omega-3s are also available in plant-based sources. It's also available in krill for that matter. But most people find it difficult to reach the threshold required for optimizing, mental health, and physical health. That is the threshold of the EPA essential fatty acids. And so for that matter, I've suggested before in this podcast and many fertility, docs will suggest that their patients take omega-3 fatty acids in supplement form. It could be taken in liquid form or in
So form, but enough of those that you're getting at least 1 gram per day of the EPA form of Omega-3s, okay? So at least 1 gram per day and as high as two or even three grams per day of the EPA forms, you'll need to look at the packaging. Because oftentimes, you'll say high potency omega-3 is, you know, it'll say, you know, 1500 mg of Omega-3s but that's not 15 held 100 milligrams of the EPA form. You look on the back of the label and you'll say each serving contains 750 milligrams of Epi you want to get above.
Of that one gram dosage per day and as high as three gram per day of the epa's, the most cost effective way to do that is going to be liquid form, omegas. But that's a little bit inconvenient for many people. And some people don't like the taste. That's why they rely on the capsule form omegas. And, of course, there are compounds that can impact fertility status, quality of eggs, quality of sperm, not by adjusting, mitochondria, or insulin sensitivity, or creating a general milieu of support for the egg and the sperm production, and function,
Such as the compounds that I just listed off do but rather compounds that influence the hormones involved in the generation of sperm and the generation of the eggs in involved in the ovulatory cycle in the spermatogenesis cycle, that is now these are going to come in different forms and I want to just emphasize that the supplements that do this, that adjust hormones. In these ways that could be beneficial are distinct from hormone therapy or bioidentical hormones, okay? Distinct from hormone therapy or bioidentical.
Tentacle hormones because as we discussed earlier, when you take a hormones like testosterone or even estrogen for that matter, from an exhaustion, has an outside Source, you're going to disrupt the feedback Pathways inside of your body and you're going to shut down your own endogenous production. The supplements. I'm about to describe, do not do that. And yet can adjust levels of hormones in more subtle ways that could be beneficial for the process of maximizing fertility for males. And for females, the first of which on this list, I'd like to discuss.
Been discussed in previous podcast as well, which is a substance called tongue. Got a lie, Tonga. Ali also goes by other names, but when taken at 400 mg per day to sometimes, separate into two dosages, but typically taken as once a day early in the day, because they could be a little bit stimulating, although not anxiety-provoking. I've never heard of that, can be a little bit stimulating, but 400 milligrams a day of Tonga. Ali has been shown to increase free testosterone by way of reducing something called sex hormone-binding globulin. It's also been shown to
Increase luteinizing hormone the net effect of which has been described as a subtle but significant increase in libido. And some of the other parameters associated with increased androgens, like free testosterone in males and females. So a number of people out there are taking Tonga Ali in this way, 400 milligrams per day restricted to the early part of the day with or without food. People always ask do you need to cycle tongue? Golly, I'm not aware of any need to cycle Tonga Ally. In fact, it tends to work better meaning the effects on Libby.
No,
and some other hormone profiles, tends to increase over time. Again, Tonga Ali is an option as it's certainly, none of these things are requirements. We're simply listing off options, but many people, both males and females seem to benefit from and like, Tonga a lie, even if they're not seeking to conceive. There's no reason to think that Tonga Ali directly, improves egg, or sperm quality, except in males. The increase in Androgen created by Tonga Ali supplementation. Can indeed lead to improved spermatogenesis. So, there's a growing amount.
Of data in the research literature on Tonga Ali, many people find it beneficial. And so it's something that both men and women wishing to conceive and or optimize their fertility. Just as a general Health parameter might want to explore the other supplement. That's been shown to improve both egg quality, and sperm quality and their. I'm referring to a number of different parameters related to a quality and sperm quality as well as to increase libido. Fairly substantially is a substance called Sheila G. Sheila G
Bailed Shi La git. Sheila G is actually a compound that's used in ayurvedic medicine, but there's some really good research studies. Exploring the supplementation with geology at about 250 mg twice per day, and this has been looked at a males and in females, and it does seem to significantly increase to hormones. One is testosterone and the other is follicle stimulating hormone. And for that reason, Sheila G is often considered
Photonic that people use both as an aphrodisiac to increase libido as well as to increase fertility. Now, one note of caution if you're a woman and you're considering taking Sheila G in order to increase testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone, keep in mind that the ovulatory cycle is this very tightly regulated cycle in which you want low, but elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone early in the follicular phase than it Peaks right before ovulation and then low levels.
Follicle-stimulating hormone in the second half of your cycle. For that reason using Sheila G chronically around the entire course of your ovulatory. Cycle could be a little bit risky and I'd recommend that you talk to your OBGYN prior to doing that or if doing that at all for males. It's a little bit less of an issue because as I mentioned earlier, sperm are constantly being generated and the presence of FSH is going to increase spermatogenesis now. Sheila G is not FSH itself shilajit.
Stimulates the release of FSH and it stimulates the release of testosterone. So again there's no reason to think that it would shut down your endogenous testosterone or FSH production although there are limited amount of data that really explored, that in detail. Many people use Sheila G in order to increase their testosterone FSH, their libido and various aspects of sperm Health. The, again, the dosages of Sheila G are about 250 mg 2 times per day. One issue is Sheila G, is it often comes as a as a
Har, there's a little hard to measure out the dosages. Yes, at our, it's this kind of thick gummy substance that you're supposed to dissolve in water and the recommendations. Are you take a little bead and dissolve it in water? It is available in capsule form where the ability to control the dosage as a little bit, is made a little bit easier. But, of course, as with any supplement, I recommend starting with the lowest possible dosage. So you might just want to start with a small, very small, bead of Sheila G. A dissolved in water taken once per day, and then increase the dosage as needed in order to obtain the effects that
that you want things like Sheila G start to bring us into the realm of what can only be described as a little bit unwieldy right here. We're saying you can't really control the dosage. Now, you're talking about hormones that need to be tightly regulated. At least four females across the ovarian cycle for males. Yes, it has been shown to increase testosterone and FSH improve sperm, motility and sperm count pretty significantly. No reason to think that you couldn't do that chronically with Sheila G and yet, I do want to acknowledge that Sheila G as this black tar substance is contains a lot
Different things. In fact, it comes from a mineral pitch. What is that? It's like comes from the literally, the dirt and plants that have been compressed by rocks in the Himalayas is pretty esoteric stuff. It really comes down to it but the biological effects of Sheila G in both males and females seem to be related to the fact that it is highly enriched in something called fulvic acid. And fulvic acid is involved in a lot of different cellular processes. Not the least of which, at least in this context is the transport of molecules across cell membranes and for hormones.
To have their effect. They need across cell membranes on the outside and the inside of the cell. So maybe that's how it's having its effect. Again the mechanisms of exactly how Sheila G increases testosterone and FSH and thereby libido egg quality and sperm quality aren't entirely clear. But for the more adventurous of you out there who want to experiment with Sheila G, whether or not you're trying to conceive or or not, it might be something to consider. But of course, do talk to your physician. The next compound that I want to discuss is zinc. And then this discussion mainly
Pertains to males. Although I of course, you point out that females should get the recommended daily allowance of zinc, each day. Males on the other hand seem to benefit from having additionally, high levels of zinc intake. Now, that can be obtained through Foods. You know, you often hear, oh, you know, oysters are enriched in zinc and and oysters are an aphrodisiac, you know, I don't know who's doing the marketing for oysters, but it's really terrific. I think that seems to have persisted. And, and maybe it's true, they are oysters. Are in
Rich in zinc. What is zinc do for fertility? Well, in males, we know, based on a really nice set of studies that zinc dosages, that are pretty high of about 120, mg taken twice per day. That's quite a lot with meals. Can significantly increase testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and this probably shouldn't come as a surprise to us. It turns out that zinc is highly enriched in human testes and in the testes of other animals including fish and other mammals now,
Actually, in 1921 that, it was observed in fish that zinc levels Skyrocket. In the testes of fish during their breeding season. So, zinc is correlated with increases in breeding, but you never know which direction that correlation is running. Turns out that zinc in both animals, including fish, other mammals and in humans strongly impacts the enzymatic functions in the testis, including the function of Androgen binding protein. So, it seems that high levels of
zinc can increase spermatogenesis and testosterone levels vary significantly. This was explored in a really nice study that I'll provide a reference to it's an older study, but I really like it. It's called effect of zinc Administration on plasma testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and sperm count. This is, but just one study among many now, this dates back to 1981, but there have been studies. Subsequently, the point to the fact that supplementation was Zinc, at those high levels, can really be helpful in terms of increasing sperm count testosterone.
And even testicular size of all things. So, one important point about taking zinc, this 120 milligrams of zinc, two times, daily definitely needs to be done with meals. If you've ever taken zinc on an empty stomach, even if you just take 15 or 30 milligrams of zinc, you can feel very nauseous not well for a few hours, so make sure that you're taking zinc with full meal. So, this would mean that you're taking in at least two full meals per day. I should also mention that zinc. Supplementation, did not.
Appear to impact gonadotropin-releasing hormone or prolactin. So, it seems to be a fairly targeted effect on the testosterone and related Pathways in males. As far as I know. There have not been systematic, explorations of the effects of high levels of zinc Administration on females. I would hope that those studies would soon be done. But meanwhile, if you're a male and you're interested in, improving sperm quality, and your testosterone levels, overall, for whatever reason zinc likely is a good candidate, that pretty much summarizes the compounds that men and women should take in order to
Maximize egg, quality sperm, quality, and fertility. And then, of course, we start to enter the landscape of other things that men and women can take in order to improve fertility, and those other things generally are prescription drugs. And so, I just want to mention what a few of those are. But of course, these are things that you would absolutely have to obtain prescriptions for from your md. And your md would without question would want to take blood tests prior to prescribing these things? So, for instance, if men have been taking eggs,
Ah, genus testosterone through the use of anabolic steroids like performance-enhancing drugs or even testosterone replacement therapy. Their endogenous testosterone levels are going to be very low and their sperm counts are going to be very low. Unless for instance, they are prescribed in taking something like, HCG human chorionic gonadotropin, which mimics LH, and would stimulate the testes to produce testosterone and through some indirect Pathways rescue spermatogenesis, although not to the same degree as if people are not taking exogenous sources of testosterone.
Some men, even if they've never touched trt or exogenous testosterone of any kind will be prescribed to take HCG because of its ability to stimulate the testes, produce more testosterone and sperms. They're just taking HCG alone, other men will take or will be prescribed rather FSH in order to stimulate spermatogenesis or HCG and FSH or clomiphene, which can regulate all sorts of things in the both testosterone and estrogen related Pathways at the level of brain and pituitary.
Dietary and going out testes, likewise for women. If they're low in FSH, that might be prescribed FSH. If they are low, in luteinizing hormone, they might be prescribed. HCG if they're low in testosterone, they might even be prescribed testosterone and if they're just tossed, her own is too high and they're dealing with PCOS. They might be prescribed anti androgens and androgen blockers. And on and on and on there are so many different hormones that can impact the different aspects of the ovulatory in the spermatogenesis cycle. That
The OBGYNs and the urologist focus on male fertility. Nowadays really have an excellent handle on which levers and buttons, and threads to pull, and push and, and so forth in order to set in motion, a proper ovulatory, cycle, and a proper spermatogenesis cycle. You know, everything, we talked about up until now, and in the early phase of this episode, especially about how the brain commands, the pituitary, and the pituitary commands, the gonads, and then the gonads, the ovary, or the testes, send feedback signals to the pituitary, to then.
The influence, the pituitary, all of that, incredible orchestra, that dance is so tightly regulated in a way that really provides the OBGYNs in the fertility, docks concern, with male fertility, exceptional tools to, for instance, figure out if a man is not producing any sperm, but his testosterone levels are well within normal range. Well, then there's some very clear sets of Explorations and potential treatments, some of which are mechanical making sure the epididymis and vas deferens are clear, allowing the sperm to enter the ejaculation ejaculations.
Late to enter the urethra and obviously to enter the female.
As well as for a woman who's not ovulating to adjust her levels of FSH or maybe even to apply acupuncture in conjunction with supplementation, and various prescription hormone therapies to adjust fertility, and ovulation and the probability of successful pregnancy. So there's a vast landscape of prescription drugs and surgical interventions of varying degrees of invasiveness, and some are for instance outpatient procedures, some require General.
Anesthesia Etc, in order to maximize male and female fertility. What I've tried to do today, is to provide you with a deep dive, understanding of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle. We talked about the brain, the pituitary, the over you, the Fallopian tubes and in fact, the whole female reproductive access, as it relates to fertility and reproduction, I also describe the male reproductive axis, as it relates to the brain, the pituitary, the gonad, the testes, and the various duck.
The pathways out of the testes that allow the sperm to be enriched with in the semen and then the semen and the ejaculate to exit through the urethra. I did all that. As a way to frame the various tools and interventions that can really assist in increasing fertility at quality and sperm quality. So when we discuss mitochondria, in the context of the development of an egg where the development of sperm and its ability to swim quickly forward now, it should make sense as to, why given intervention
Action. Whether or not it's L-Carnitine or whether or not it's exercise or whether or not it's getting enough sleep and limiting stress. Why all that should matter and why? In fact mechanistically those interventions can work because indeed there are many interventions that we can all do and use to support our fertility. And again, as a more General theme today, I really wanted to a teach you about the human reproductive axis. I do find the biology of the ovulatory and menstrual cycle and spermatogenesis to be. Absolutely fascinating to me. And again, if your
But he was interested in conceiving or if you've already conceived children, and even if you don't want more children, this is really the aspect of our biology that allowed us to be here. It's the aspect of our biology that determine whether or not we are male or female. It's the aspect of our biology that determines so so much. And yet, I think that most of us generally are not taught this in school or at least not at the depth that we discussed it today. So hopefully that information was in and of itself, interesting, and perhaps useful as well. And I do think that even
If people are not wishing to conceive more children, that the information related to fertility and optimizing egg, and sperm, health is a value in the sense that optimizing egg, and sperm Health can be used as a proxy for optimizing our body and brain health. Generally, in other words and here, I'm admittedly taking words, out of the mouths of the various wonderful doctors, the OBGYNs in neurologist that helped in forming in anticipation of this episode. What is good for the woman is good.
Or the Egg and for fertility and pregnancy. And what's good for the man is good for the quality and production of sperm and for fertility and pregnancy, put differently, whether or not we are male or female, the things that we can do to optimize our fertility. Are the exact same things that we should all be doing to optimize our vitality and our longevity. Now, I realize today's episode was so much, the Deep dive and fairly broad as well, that it ended up being fairly long.
And extensive. And yet we still have not touched on any of the important themes. That I know a number of people want to know about. So for instance, menopause andropause PCOS and other themes related to hormones and reproductive function in biology. And I promise that we will have episodes, both solo episodes and episodes with expert guests in the future to cover all of those topics in detail. Meanwhile, the information discussed in today's episode should serve as a basic foundation for those discussions going forward. And hopefully,
They were of interest to you in their own right. If you're learning from and are enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. That's a terrific zero-cost way to support us. In addition. Please subscribe to the podcast on Spotify and apple and on both Spotify and apple. You can leave us up to a five star review. If you have questions or comments about the podcast or guessed that you'd like me to bring on the human Lab podcast. Please put those questions. And suggestions in the comment section on YouTube. I do read all the comments in addition, please check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's
Episode. That's the best way to support this podcast during today's episode and on many previous episodes of The huberman Lab podcast, we discussed supplements. While supplements are necessary for everybody. Many people derive, tremendous benefit from them for things like sleep hormone, augmentation, focus, and much more. The human Lab podcast has. Now partnered with Momentis supplements, because as mentioned the beginning of today's episode momentous supplements are of the very highest quality. They ship internationally and they have single-ingredient formulations that allow you to develop the most biologically.
And cost effective supplement regimen for you if you'd like to see the supplements discussed on today's and other huberman Lab podcast. Please go to live momentous spell, do you s? So live momentous.com hubermann. If you're not already following us on social media, please do so we are huberman lab on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and Linkedin. And at all of those places I discussed science and science related tools, some of which overlap with the contents of the huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the content of the huberman Lab podcast. So again it's huberman lab on
All social media platforms. And if you haven't already subscribe to our newsletter, we have a zero cost newsletter, it is called the neural network newsletter and each month. It includes things like podcast summaries and toolkits for things like sleep Focus, dopamine, optimization Fitness and so on you can sign up for the newsletter. Again, completely zero cost by going to huberman lab.com. Go to the menu, go to newsletter. You provide your email, and we do not share your email. And again, the newsletter is completely zero cost. Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion.
It's all about the biology surrounding this, incredible thing that we call fertility, including the ovulatory cycle, spermatogenesis fertilization itself and all the events leading up to pregnancy. And last but certainly not least, thank you for your
interest in science.
